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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 72 > Flashcards

Lecture 72 Flashcards

1
Q

In Carbohydrate metabolism insulin _________ blood glucose

A

Decreases

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2
Q

How does insulin affect carbohydrate metabolism to decrease blood glucose?

A

By helping glucose leave blood AND limiting the rise of blood glucose

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3
Q

Insulin increase glucose transport into

A

muscles and adipose

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4
Q

insulin promotes _________ formation in liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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5
Q

Insulin _________ gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

INHIBITS

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6
Q

why does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

because there is already enough glucose available due to insulin being present

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7
Q

How does insulin affect lipid metabolism?

A

Inhibits mobilization and oxidation of FA

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8
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Insulin inhibits _________ in liver

A

Ketogenesis

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9
Q

_________ is ketogenesis?

A

Breakdown of AA and ketogenic AA to make ketone bodies

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10
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Promotes FFA storage as?

A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Inhibits FFA uptake in _________

A

Muscles (in favor of glucose)

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12
Q

Effect of insulin in lipid metabolism: Inhibits _________

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

If insulin inhibits lipolysis _________ does this do?

A

Inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase

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14
Q

what is Insulin effect on protein metabolism overall

A

Overall decreases blood AA

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15
Q

Insulin effect on protein metabolism: Increase AA and protein uptake in?

A

Tissues

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16
Q

Insulin increases/decreases protein synthesis?

A

Increases

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17
Q

Insulin inhibits protein degradation or regulation?

A

Degradation

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18
Q

Insulin promotes K+ uptake into cells by increasing activity of?

A

Na/K- ATPase

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19
Q

Insulin promotes phosphate, _________ uptake into cells

A

Mg ++

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20
Q

Insulin decrease appetite via the _________

A

Satiety center of hypothalamus

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21
Q

Causes hypoglycemia, which stimulates cortisol release to increase appetite

A

Excess insulin

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22
Q

Cells fail to respond normally to insulin

A

Insulin resistance

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23
Q

If insulin is over produced and a cell has insulin resistance _________ happens to insulin and glucose?

A

Blood insulin and glucose remain high

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24
Q

During insulin resistance there is a _________ during acute illness to preserve the brains glucose supply

A

Protective mechanism

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25
A decreased number of insulin receptors can cause insulin _________
resistance
26
A decrease _________ of receptors for insulin can also cause insulin resistance
Affinity
27
Insulin resistance can occur via post-receptor changes in the _________
intracellular action of insulin
28
_________ hormones can cause insulin resistance?
* Cortisol * GH * thyroid hormones * epinephrine * estrogen/progesterone
29
_________ hormone is this that can cause insulin resistance?
30
Stimulates glucagon release and antagonized insulin (goal is to increase glucose)
Epinephrine (need dump of glucose during fight or flight)
31
_________ is higher during pregnancy and can cause normal insulin resistance
Progesterone
32
_________ can cause insulin resistance due to an impaired insulin signaling?
Obesity
33
During obesity there can be a decrease in _________ ultimately causing insulin resistance
GLUT 4 receptor
34
During obesity the skeletal muscles GLUT 4 might be normal but there is a decrease in glucose still. Why?
Decrease in glucose transport due to docking/fusion of GLUT4 into membrane
35
Failure of this organs can also cause an insulin resistance
Kidney and liver
36
How can a failure of kidneys or liver cause insulin resistance?
Might be circulating factors in blood that disrupt insulin signaling
37
This can also cause insulin resistance due to stress which results in hyperglycemia
Sepsis
38
insulin _________ can also cause insulin resistance
Antibodies
39
Destruction of B cells, usually due to an autoimmune issue
type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin deficiency)
40
Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes a
insulin resistance
41
Insulin resistance can be associated with down-regulation of insulin receptors in muscle and adipose tissues or issues with insulin signaling. _________ is this?
Type 2 diabetes
42
During type 2 diabetes insulin can be high, normal or low depending on?
stage of disease
43
Excessive insulin production by Beta cell tumor. _________ is this?
Insulinoma
44
Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue
hyperglycemia
45
Hyperglycemia can be caused due to an increased _________ in type 2 diabetes and decreased glucose uptake by cells
Hepatic output
46
An increase in hepatic output of glucose is responsible for
Fasting hyperglycemia
47
_________ happens during fasting hyperglycemia?
Gluconeogenesis increases drastically and accounts for most of the hepatic output (Glucagon is really high)
48
Hyperglycemia cause cells to _________ (insulin resistance)
starve
49
Hyperglycemia can cause _________ - glucose doesn't leave so it draws water into it
Blood hyperosmolarity
50
Hyperglycemia can cause _________ in kidneys. The kidneys cannot reabsorb glucose beyond threshold (glucose spills into urine and water follows)
Osmotic diuresis
51
Increased oxidation of fat and fat accumulation in the liver is due to _________ (lack of insulin action)
Hyperlipidemia
52
Muscle wasting and weight loss is due to _________ which causes a lack of insulin action
Peripheral tissue protein catabolism
53
_________ is secreted by alpha cells of pancreas?
Glucagon
54
Glucagon is synthesized as _________ stored as glucagon in granules until release
Preproglucagon
55
Glucagon sequence is _________ in all species
identical
56
_________ are stimulations of glucagon release?
* Hypoglycemia * protein/AA * Fasting * stress * intense exercise * CCK
57
_________ can inhibit glucagon secretion?
Insulin and somatostatin
58
Glucagon works through stimulation of a _________ to mediate effects
G-protein/ cAMP
59
Glucagons actions are _________ of insulin
Opposite
60
Glucagon increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, lipolysis and ?
Keto Acid formation
61
Glucagon has a little/a lot of effect on glucose utilization by peripheral tissues
little to no
62
Tumor of alpha cells in pancreas
Glucagonoma
63
Glucagonoma results in diabetes mellitus and
necrolytic migratory erythema (NME)
64
Hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection can cause the glucagon: insulin ratio to ?
Increase
65
Secreted by delta cells of pancreas, hypothalamus and GI cells
Somatostatin
66
Somatostatin made by _________ has a longer AA chain
GI cells
67
Somatostatin is stimulated by all _________?
nutrients
68
_________ does somatostatin inhibit?
* Insulin and glucagon * GI hormones * GI motility * enzymes * gastric acid secretion
69
secretes hormones influencing feeding behavior, insulin sensitivity, glucose transport
Adipose tissue
70
_________ are 3 hormones important that adipose tissue releases?
* Leptin * Tumor necrosis factor-a * adiponectin
71
inhibits appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y
leptin
72
Leptin increases _________?
Basal metabolic rate
73
leptin resistance may contribute to?
Obesity
74
Adiponectin improves insulin _________
Sensitivity
75
High adiponectin is low risk of
type 2 diabetes
76
Low adiponectin = obesity and diabetes in ?
Cats

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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