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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 79 > Flashcards

Lecture 79 Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing and equilibrium is borth transduced in inner ear. ___________ CN?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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2
Q

passageways in petrous temporal bone

A

Bony labyrinth

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3
Q

connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

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4
Q

Membranous labyrinth: Filled with endolymph (blue fluid): similar to intracellular fluid, ___________ in K+

A

HIGH

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5
Q

Membranous labyrinth: Floating in perilymph (green fluid): similar to cerebrospinal fluid ___________ in K+

A

LOW

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6
Q

___________ is high in K+

A

endolymph

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7
Q

___________ is low on K+

A

Perilymph

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8
Q

organ of hearing

A

Cochlea

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9
Q

dorsal chamber

A

Scala vestibuli

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10
Q

Scala vestibuli is filled with ___________

A

perilymph

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11
Q

Scala vestibuli: Begins at ___________ and spirals to apex

A

Oval window

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12
Q

Ventral chamber

A

Scala tympani

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13
Q

scala tympani is filled with

A

perilymph

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14
Q

Scala tympani begins at apex and ends at ___________ (secondary tympanic membrane)

A

round window

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15
Q

___________ triangular middle chamber

A

Scala media

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16
Q

scala media is filled with

A

endolymph (K+ rich)

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17
Q

Stereocilia of hair cells of Organ of Corti are embedded in the ___________

A

tectorial membrane

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18
Q

Transducers of vibration “hair cells” on them (mechanoreceptors)

A

Organ of corti

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19
Q

Transduction: Inner hair cells contain ___________ at their tips and tip link proteins that connect them

A

ion channels

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20
Q

Transduction:

A
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21
Q

When the basilar membrane moves up,hair cells are pushed into ___________ and their tips are tilted,pulling tip links

A

tectorial membrane

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22
Q

Transduction: Tip links pull open ion channel allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and ___________

A

depolarize it

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23
Q

Transduction: Hair cells releases neurotransmitter from their base, exciting the ___________

A

cochlear branch of CN VIII

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24
Q

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

A

Conductive deafness

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25
examples of conduction deafness
Damaged tympanic membrane, Otitis media, Tumors, polyps, Other causes of middle ear effusions (fluid)
26
death of hair cells, CNVIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing
Sensorineural (nerve) deafness
27
Examples of sensorineural deafness
Genetic (congenital), Geriatric (age-related), Acquired (infections, trauma, loud noises, tumor)
28
Auditory pathway: Cochlear n. ___________ order neuron
1st order neuron
29
Auditory pathway: ___________ in medulla
Cochlear nuclei
30
Auditory pathway: ___________ (dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body (superiorolivary nucleus) to the Decussate to the DNTB or lateral lemniscus)
2nd order neurons
31
Auditory pathway: Caudal colliculus
tectospinal tract
32
Auditory Pathway: Medial geniculate nucleus
primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
33
Olfaction and Gustation: Receptors are
chemoreceptors
34
Olfaction and Gustation: Transduce chemical signals into
electric signals
35
Olfaction and Gustation: ___________ cell is primary afferent neuron itself
Olfactory receptor cell
36
___________ is a specialized epithelial cell ('sense organ') thattransduces chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to aprimary afferent neuron
Gustatory receptor
37
During sniffing it brings odorants into
Olfactory areas (unidirectional laminar flow)
38
Olfactory receptors only lineolfactory epithelium on
ethmoturbinates
39
Rest of turbinate lining is made up of respiratory epithelium means ___________
No olfactory capability
40
Olfactory receptor cells
primaryafferent neuron (Bipolar)
41
Odorant molecules bind to receptors located on ___________ that protrude into the nasal cavity
cilia
42
Olfactory epithelium contains 3 cells which are
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells
43
Olfactory transduction: First, Odorant binds ___________ on olfactory receptor cell
GPCR
44
Olfactory transduction: Then the G-protein subunit activates ___________ which converts ATP to cAMP (acyclic nucleotide
adenylyl cyclase
45
Olfactory transduction: Third step, cAMP opens Ca, K, Na channels. There is an EFFLUX OF?
CL-
46
Olfactory transduction: CL- efflux causes membrane depolarization and the ___________
Action potential generated in olfactory neuron's axon
47
1st order neuron throughcribiform plate to ___________
olfactory bulb
48
Olfactory bulb ___________ process, filter, and enhance transmission of specific odorants
interneurons
49
2nd order neuron = ___________ (Axons project to cerebrum)
Mitral cell
50
Olfactory pathway: ___________ path to olfactory cortex(piriform lobe)
Direct
51
Olfactory pathway: Transmission through thalamus is ___________
not required
52
Connected to the nasal and the oral cavity via the nasopalatine ducts (NPD); Pheromones are introduced to the NPD through inhalation in some species and through liquid/mucus in others; VNO fibers to accessory olfactory bulb and then on to the olfactory cortex
Vomeronasal organ
53
___________ is the sensory organ for taste?
Taste buds
54
___________ are found on the gustatory papillae of the tongue
Circumvallate (Vallate); Foliate; Fungiform
55
Taste buds are the ___________ for taste
sensory organs
56
Taste receptor cells have microvilli that contain the taste ___________
chemoreceptors
57
For bitter, sweet or savory tatse the receptor cell is
depolarized
58
For sour or salty taste the receptor cell is also depolarized because
Chemicals bind and directly openionotropic epithelial sodium channelsto allow H+ or Na+ to enter,respectively
59
for bitter, sweet and savory they bind to GPCRs and this increases IP3 and DAG and opens
TRP channels
60
sour and salty taste enters through membrane Na channels (___________)and cause depolarization
ENaC
61
Primary afferent axons of these first order taste neurons are in cranial nerves ___________
IX, VII, and X
62
Afferent axons enter the brainstem and reach second order neurons in the
solitary nucleusof the medulla
63
Second order neurons send axonal projections to ___________ in the thalamus
third order neurons
64
Third order neurons project to the ___________ of the temporal lobe
taste cortex

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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