Lecture 7 Heart and blood vessel- atheroma Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 7 Heart and blood vessel- atheroma Deck (28)
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1
Q

Define atheroma

A

Build up of fatty material on the inside wall of an artery

2
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

Progressive narrowing and hardening within the artery potentially resulting in complete blockage.

3
Q

Atheroma contributes to how many deaths?

A

Almost half of all deaths in western countries

4
Q

Where atheroma may occur

A

Lower abdo aorta, cotonary arteries, popliteal arteries, internal carotid and circle of willis

5
Q

Why does athoma occur?

A

Chronic injury to the endothelium -> chronic inflammation

6
Q

What can cause injury to the endothelium?

A

Hyperlididaemia, disturbed flow, smoking, hypertension,

7
Q

Explain the development of a plaque fissure/thrombosis

A

Fatty streak -> plaque -> Obstructive atherosclerotic plaque -> Plaque fissure/thrombosis

8
Q

Define aneurysm and where it can occur

A

weakening of the wall (balloon), aorta

9
Q

Why may atherosclerotic plaques cause symptoms?

A

Aneurysm/rupture. Thrombosis, haematoma formation, embolism, critical stenosis

10
Q

How does atheroma normally grown?

A

outward preserving lumen caliber.

11
Q

How can atheroma lead to thrombosis?

A

When the atheromas plaque ruptures -> thrombosis

12
Q

Define TIA

A

Transient Ischemic attack. Mini stroke.

13
Q

Signs of peripheral vascular disease

A

Smoked most of life. Severe pain in both legs when walking >10 mins. Infected ulcers in feet. Due to muscles needing more oxygen because working.

14
Q

Signs of myocardial infarct (heart attack)

A

Central crushing chest pain, ECG showed ST elevation affecting V1 to V4.

15
Q

In case, what happened to gentleman with MI.

A

Gentleman was taken to cath lab for revascularisation procedure. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI))

16
Q

Other presentations of MI?

A

Bowel ischaemia (black), renal artery stenosis, emboli (common to feet).

17
Q

Define revascularization

A

Trying to get blood flowing through again

18
Q

What is the largest single cause of death in UK

A

Ischaemic heart disease

19
Q

By how much does one MI increase the risk of heart failure and stroke?

A

3-6 fold

20
Q

Define thyrotoxicosis

A

Hyperthyroidism

21
Q

Fixed risk factors of ischaemic heart disease

A

Family history, male, age, ACE gene deletion.

22
Q

Potentially reversible risk factors of ischaemic heart disease

A

Hyperlipidaemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, heavy alcohol consumption.

23
Q

> 90% of ischaemia heart disease is caused by?

A

atherosclerotic obstruction of coronary arteries. (coronary heart disease)

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease?

A

Central crushing chest pain, SOB, palpitations, syncope, Nausea, sweating, pale.

25
Q

Define syncope

A

Temp loss of consciousness caused by ↓in BP

26
Q

Clinical presentation of ischemic heart disease?

A

Stable angina, unstable angine (no warning, no pattern), NSTEMI (Non-st elevation myocardial infarction), STEMi, Sudden death.

27
Q

Is stable angina reversible?

A

Yes

28
Q

What investigations can be done for ischemic heart disease?

A

Exercise tolerance test, bloods, x-ray and ECG.