Flashcards in Lecture 8 - Diabetes (mostly FA tbh) Deck (24):
1
diagnosis of diabetes:
HbA1c > ____
fasting plasma glucose > ____
2 hour oral glucose tolerance test > _____
6.5%
126 mg/dL;
200 mg/dL
2
Type 1 vs Type 2:
characterized by islet leukocytic infiltrate/inflamm = _____
islet amyloid polypeptide deposits = _____
stronger genetic predisposition = _____
ketoacidosis common = ____
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state common = _____
type 1;
type 2;
type 2;
type 1;
type 2
3
type 1 vs type 2:
associated with obesity leading to decreased insulin receptors = ____;
presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase Abs = _____;
HLA DR3, 4 associated = _____
type 2;
type 1;
type 1
4
diabetes:
osmotic damage is due to ___ accumulation in organs with _____ and/or absent _____
sorbitol;
aldolase reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase
5
progression of nephropathy in diabetes:
____ arterioles first --> glomerular ____filtration --> micro____ --> _____ syndrome
efferent;
hyper;
albuminuria;
nephrotic
6
three major effects leading to hyperglycemia in type II diabetes:
decreased _____, increased _____, increased _____
glucose uptake, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
all due to insulin resistance and/or decreased secretion
7
there is also ____ proteolysis and ____ lipolysis;
effect of the changes in lipolysis? = increased _____
increased, increased;
ketogenesis/ketoacidosis
8
diabetes:
impaired ____ secretion and unopposed/increased ____ secretion
insulin, glucagon
9
in the digestive tract, there is a ____ incretin effect in diabetes. in the kidneys, there is ____ glucose reabsorption. in the brain, there is ____ dysfunction
decreased, increased,
NT
10
after a meal, glucagon usually ____ and insulin usually ____ in normal people
decreases, increases
11
incretins:
_____ is released from the ____ cells in illeum and colon;
___ is released from ___ cells in the duodenum;
both stimulate insulin release in a glucose ____ manner; they ____ gastric emptying
GLP, L;
GIP, K;
dependent;
inhibit
12
glucose:
usually reabsorbed in the ____ via _____;
what is renal threshold of plasma glucose concentration that can be fully absorbed?
PCT, SGLT1 and 2 (Na/Glucose symporter);
200 mg/dL;
fully saturated = 375 mg/min fyi
13
the 3 poly's of diabetes = ____;
also weight ____
polyuria, dipsia, phagia;
weight loss
14
"LuRKS" pneumonic of things that (do or do not) have aldolase reductase
L =
R =
K =
S =
do have (ie only have aldolase reductase);
lens,
retina,
kidneys,
schwann cells
15
3 infections that are def associated with diabetes (1 bacteria, 2 fungi)
mucor (+rhizopus) , candida, pseudomonas
16
diabetes:
contractures in the ____ joints cause a positive prayer sign and table top sign
MCP
also PIP, DIP involved
17
3 "lipo" findings at insulin injection sites =
lipodystrophy, atrophy, hypertrophy
18
eye things (from pathoma):
retinal ____ take up sorbitol and die. this causes blood leakage and ____ --> retinal _____ --> blindness
pericytes;
aneurysm;
hemorrhage
19
nonproliferative vs proliferative retinopathy:
damaged capillaries leak blood--> hemorrhage = ____;
from chronic hypoxia = _____;
new blood vessel formation = _____;
macular edema = _____
non;
prolifer;
prolifer;
non prolifer
20
another name for nodular glomerulosclerosis = _____ _____;
first sign of this clinically is
kimmelsteil-wilson nodules;
proteinuria
21
what drug is reno-protective for diabetic nephropathy?
ACE inhibitors
22
why do ulcers and charcot joints occur in diabetics?
location most common?
peripheral neuropathy;
feet/ankles
23
hyperosmolar hyperketotic state:
more common in type 1 or type 2?
state of profound ______;
increased or normal ketones?;
usually seen in ____ people who are v _____;
acidosis?
type 2;
hyperglycemia;
normal;
old, dehydrated';
nope
24