Lecture 8.1

Question 1

What are the structures found in the popliteal fossa?

Answer 1

Sciatic nerve (splits to become tibial and common fibular nerve within the fossa)
popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Sural nerve
small saphenous vein
popliteal lymph nodes

Question 2

which nerve gives off the communicating sural nerve branch?

Answer 2

common fibular nerve

Question 3

What is the deepest structure of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 3

The popliteal artery

Question 4

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 4

Gastrocnemeus and soleus

Question 5

What structures are present in posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 5

muscles tibial nerve and posterior tibial vessels

Question 6

What happens to the posterior tibial artery in the posterior compartment?

Answer 6

Posterior tibial artery gives off fibular artery (perforating branches to the lateral compartment)

Question 7

Where in the posterior compartment is the tibial nerve?

Answer 7

deep to soleus and superficial to tibialis posterior

Question 8

How do posterior structures continue after the leg?

Answer 8

the tarsal tunnel

Question 9

What causes posterior compartment syndrome in the leg?

Answer 9

Loss of elasticity of veins returning blood to the heart followed by inactivity causing pooling of blood

Question 10

What are complications that can result from posterior compartment syndrome?

Answer 10

deep vein thrombosis followed by pulmonary embolism

Question 11

Can shin splints occur posteriorly?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is significant about the plantaris muscle?

Answer 12

It has a separate tendon that joins with the gastrocnemius and soleus tendons.
It is absent in 7% and has a very long tendon (35-40cms!)

Question 13

What is the significance of the soleus muscle?

Answer 13

It contains soleal sinuses and superficial veins go to deep veins through perforating veins that cross the soleus muscle.

Question 14

What is a potential cause of achilles tendinitis?

Answer 14

Running suddenly without a warm up

Question 15

What are the roles of the soleus and gastrocnemius in maintaining upright posture?

Answer 15

soleus contains slow twitch fibers and assists gastrocnemeus in maintainig upright posture while standing or walking.
Gastrocnemeus contains fast twitch fibers and is important in maintainign upright posture.

Question 16

What nerve innervates posterior muscles?

Answer 16

tibial nerve

Question 17

What are the deep muscles of the posterior leg compartment?

Answer 17

popliteus
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

Question 18

What are the proximal tarsal bones?

Answer 18

calcaneus

talus

Question 19

What are the middle row tarsal bones?

Answer 19

navicular

cuboid

Question 20

What are the distal row tarsal bones?

Answer 20

cuneiforms

Question 21

Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot found?

Answer 21

Flexor hallucis brevis tendon

Question 22

What structures allow the foot to survive the tremendous forces acting on it?

Answer 22

Arches
tendons
plantar aponeurosis
ligaments

Question 23

What are the muscle and ligament attachments of the calcaneus on the plantar side?

Answer 23

Calcaneal tuberosity

Peroneal tubercle

Question 24

How many articular surfaces does the calcaneus have for the talus?

Answer 24

3

Question 25

What structures are found in the sinus tarsi?

Answer 25

Vascular sling

Question 26

What are the blood vessels that supply the talus?

Answer 26

Anteriorly: Dorsalis pedis Posteriorly: posterior tibial and fibular arteries

Question 27

What does the head of the talus articulate with?

Answer 27

The navicular

Question 28

What sulci form the tarsal sinus?

Answer 28

The calcaneal and talo sulci

Question 29

What can be said about the blood supply to the talus?

Answer 29

It is poor particularly to the posterior tubercle. (fracture is similar to scaphoid fracture)

Question 30

What could happen to posterior tubercle of talus if blood supply was occluded?

Answer 30

avascular necrosis

Question 31

What is the name of the structure within the talus that articulates with the malleolar mortise?

Answer 31

the trochlear surface

Question 32

What muscle attaches to navicular's tuberosity?

Answer 32

Tibialis posterior

Question 33

What attaches to cuboid's tuberosity?

Answer 33

fibularis longus

Question 34

What is a tarsal coalition?

Answer 34

Tarsal bones fuse together

Question 35

What is a pott's fracture?

Answer 35

A pott's fracture is a fracture of the medial and lateral malleoli. It is caused by a laterally rolled ankle being hit from the lateral side

Question 36

Which metatarsals are most commonly injured?

Answer 36

2nd and 5th

Question 37

What are the origin and insertion of Abductor Hallucis brevis?

Answer 37

origin:medial tubercle of calcaneum; flexor retinaculum Insertion: medial side, base of proximal phalanx of big toe

Question 38

What is the origin and insertion of flexor digitorum brevis?

Answer 38

origin: medial tubercle of calcaneum Insertion: middle phalanx of four lateral toes

Question 39

What is the origin and insertion of abuctor digiti minimi?

Answer 39

origin:medial & lateral tubercles of calcaneum Insertion:lateral side base of proximal phalanx 5th toe

Question 40

What is the origin and insertion of quadratus plantae?

Answer 40

origin:medial and lateral sides of calcaneum Insertion: tendons flexor digitorum longus

Question 41

What is the origin and insertion of the lumbricals?

Answer 41

origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus Insertion: dorsal extensor expansion of lateral four toes

Question 42

What structures are present with the second layer of muscles? Which muscles are in the second layer?

Answer 42

Second layer contains the lumbricals and quadratus plantae. | FDL and FHL tendons.

Question 43

What is the origin and insertion of flexor hallucis brevis?

Answer 43

origin:cuboid, lateral cuneiform bones; tibialis posterior insertion Insertion:medial & lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of big toe

Question 44

What is the origin and insertion of adductor hallucis?

Answer 44

origin: bases of 2nd, 3rd & 4th metatarsal bones Insertion:lateral side base of proximal phalanx big toe

Question 45

What is the origin and insertion of flexor digiti minimi

Answer 45

origin:base of 5th metatarsal bone Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe

Question 46

What muscles are present on the dorsal side of the foot?

Answer 46

Interossei muscles Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis

Question 47

Deficiencies in which muscles cause claw toes?

Answer 47

fibularis longus lumbricals flexor digitorum longus