Lecture 9

Question 1

What are key indicators for determining abnormality in children?

Answer 1

Frequency/intensity of behaviors
Deviation from norms (developmental, family, cultural, historical)
Impact on functioning.

Question 2

What percentage of youth experience a psychological disorder in childhood?

Answer 2

About 20%

Question 3

What was the 12-month prevalence of mental disorders among 16–24-year-olds in 2022 (Australia)?

Answer 3

39%

Question 4

What percentage of youth with mental health issues accessed services in the past 12 months?

Answer 4

56%

Question 5

Which disorders are more common in adolescents vs. young children?

Answer 5

Adolescents: Depression, anxiety, eating disorders

Children: ADHD, ODD

Question 6

Which gender is more affected by depression, anxiety, PTSD, and eating disorders?

Answer 6

Girls

Question 7

Which gender is more affected by ADHD, ODD, ASD, and learning disorders?

Answer 7

Boys

Question 8

What are key high-risk groups for mental health issues?

Answer 8

Indigenous youth
CALD backgrounds
LGBTIQA+ youth
Rural areas

Question 9

What percentage of children with a disorder have another?

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

What comorbidity rates exist between depression and anxiety?

Answer 10

50–75%

Question 11

What trend has been seen in adolescent depression from the 1990s to millennials?

Answer 11

Increased from 9% to 15%

Question 12

What is the prevalence of ASD in 2022?

Answer 12

1 in 31

Question 13

List three barriers to treatment for youth mental health

Answer 13

Stigma
Accessibility
Under-identification

Question 14

What are common characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 14

Childhood onset
Developmental deficits
High heritability
More common in boys
High comorbidity

Question 15

Name the six DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder categories.

Answer 15

Intellectual Disability
Communication Disorders
ASD
ADHD
Specific Learning Disorders
Motor Disorders

Question 16

What are the diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Disability?

Answer 16

Intellectual and adaptive deficits with onset in developmental period

Question 17

What’s the prevalence of Intellectual Disability?

Answer 17

1–3%

Question 18

What are common causes/risk factors for Intellectual Disability?

Answer 18

Prenatal exposure
Malnutrition
Genetic disorders
Birth complications

Question 19

What are ASD’s core diagnostic criteria?

Answer 19

• Social communication deficits
• Restricted/repetitive behaviors
• Early developmental onset

Question 20

What is the ASD male-to-female ratio?

Answer 20

4:1

Question 21

Define ADHD

Answer 21

Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impairs functioning

Question 22

List 3 symptoms of inattention in ADHD

Answer 22

Careless mistakes, avoids effortful tasks, forgetfulness

Question 23

List 3 symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity

Answer 23

Fidgeting, talks excessively, interrupts others

Question 24

Name the 3 ADHD presentations.

Answer 24

Predominantly Inattentive
Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive
Combined

Question 25

What is ADHD’s childhood prevalence?

Answer 25

5–7%

Question 26

Name four common disruptive behavior disorders

Answer 26

ODD Conduct Disorder Intermittent Explosive Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder

Question 27

What are the three ODD symptom categories?

Answer 27

Angry/Irritable Mood Argumentative/Defiant Behavior Vindictiveness

Question 28

What are the key criteria for Conduct Disorder?

Answer 28

Aggression Property destruction Deceit/theft Rule violations

Question 29

Name 3 parenting practices that contribute to disruptive behavior

Answer 29

Inconsistent discipline Low supervision Reinforcement of problem behavior

Question 30

List two benefits and two challenges of categorical diagnoses.

Answer 30

Benefits: Shared language Access to services Challenges: Labels shape development Overlook subclinical cases

Question 31

Define homotypic and heterotypic continuity.

Answer 31

Homotypic: Same disorder over time Heterotypic: Different symptoms over time

Question 32

What are developmental tasks in adolescence under the Developmental Psychopathology Framework?

Answer 32

Autonomy Peer relationships Identity Career/education prep

Question 33

What are the three principles of the Developmental Psychopathology Framework?

Answer 33

Systems Multiple Levels Normative

Question 34

Define multifinality and equifinality

Answer 34

Multifinality: One cause → many outcomes Equifinality: Many causes → one outcome.

Question 35

Differentiate vulnerability vs. risk factor

Answer 35

Vulnerability = biological Risk factor = environmental

Question 35

Name 3 protective factors

Answer 35

Supportive parenting Adult mentors Easy temperament

Question 35

What is resilience?

Answer 35

Positive adaptation despite significant risk