Lecture for Chapter 10

Question 1

Define visual memory:

Answer 1

Memory for more than just things that can be verbalized, not just semantic. Very detailed sensory memory

Question 2

What are possible types of non-verbal knowledge?

Answer 2

odours, sounds, movement, pain, visual, spatial and texture

Question 3

T or F: Everyone’s ability to do visual imagery is equal

Answer 3

False - huge variation

Question 4

How do we know people use visual imagery:

Answer 4

1) Self reports

2) Chronometric studies

Question 5

What are visual images?

Answer 5

the experience of forming a mental image similar to a picture in your head

Question 6

True or False: People are better at working with a long division question if the image leaves space for number carryingf

Answer 6

True - this is likely because they are using visual imagery

Question 7

What is chronometric study of imagery?

Answer 7

Mental processes take time. We can get some spatial information on how people are processing their mental images by observing how long it takes them to perform tasks

Question 8

A depiction is a _________ while a description is ________

Answer 8

mental image

more semantic

Question 9

Describe the experiment examining the difference between a depiction and a description.

Answer 9

2 groups of participants. Told to either “form an image of a cat” (depiction) or “think about a cat” (description).
The groups were than asked:
1) Does a cat have a head?
2) Does a cat have claws?

Question 10

What were the results of the depiction - description experiment?

Answer 10

People using imagery are faster to respond to “does a cat have a head?” because in the depiction this feature is large.
People not using imagery were faster for does a cat have claws. This is because the claws are salient/ associated with cats.

Question 11

In a ______ large things positioned in front are prominent. In a ______ strong associations are prominent.

Answer 11

depiction

description

Question 12

The _________ predicts that there are two codes and two storage systems.

Answer 12

Dual- coding hypothesis

Question 13

According to the dual-coding hypothesis information is coded and stored in one or both of _______ (containing ________) or _______ (containing ______).

Answer 13

• imagery containing pictures and concrete words

- verbal containing some pictures and concrete and abstract words

Question 14

The __________ is the extent to which a concept can be represented by a picture.

Answer 14

concrete/ abstract dimension

Question 15

When subjects rated nouns on a 1-7 scale for there _____, ________and _________. A strong positive correlation between ________ and concreteness was found

Answer 15

imagery, concreteness and meaningfulness
imagery
- meaning concrete words are more imageable

Question 16

In a paired associate memory task participants were given pair combinations of High and low imagery words. It was found that memory improved for _______ pairs and for pairs in which the ________. This is evidence for a ______________.

Answer 16

high imagery
high imagery word came before the low imagery word
imagery concreteness effect

Question 17

When people were asked what strategy they used it was found that most people used an imagery strategy for ___, _____, _____ word pair combinations but not for the ________

Answer 17

H-H, H-L and L-H (use of strategy decreased as concreteness decreased)
L-L abstract word pair combos

Question 18

________ experiments are evidence that mental imagery is similar to perception of a real object while _________ experiments are evidence that they are not exactly the same.

Answer 18

scanning

abstract imaging

Question 19

When people are given the mental imagery task of locating whether an arrow points to where a dot previously was __________ vary depending on the distance from the arrow to the dot this is consistent with operating on __________.

Answer 19

Response times

the real image

Question 20

Describe the Scanning spatial images experiment in which a fictional map was used.

Answer 20

Participants studied the fictional map until they were able to draw it from memory. The map was then removed. Participants were instructed to form an image in their minds eye and to imagine a black speck moving from one landmark to another and to press a button when the speck arrived.

Question 21

In the fictional map experiment it was found that a longer __________ between locations resulted in _________.

Answer 21

distance

response times

Question 22

What are possible problems with the fictional map experiment?

Answer 22

Subjects may be predicting or guessing the response time based on what the experimental wants, Subjects are successful at predicting scan times for different distances

Question 23

The _____________ is the idea that you don’t need to use images information is stored in the same way for both visual and verbal events.

Answer 23

conceptual-propositional hypothesis

Question 24

According to the conceptual- propositional hypothesis information is stored the same way for both verbal an visual events through the use of ________ and _________. _________ words have a richer set of predicates than more __________words

Answer 24

concepts and propositions
concrete
abstract

Question 25

Subjects were unable to predict scan times for ____________ yet scanning times __________. This shows that the relationship is not due to ________.

Answer 25

complex shapes varied depending on shape and scanning distance guessing

Question 26

In Kosslyn's investigating spatial characteristics of imgery experiment ( imaging of a boat) participants who focused on one end of the image __________ to determine whether a feature exists at the other end.

Answer 26

took longer | - The further you need to scan the longer it takes

Question 27

People scan their images at a constant rate - scanning twice as far takes twice as long- this is a ___________ an indicates that there is _________ between the real and mental images spatial layout

Answer 27

linear relation | analogue representation

Question 28

T or F the effect that occurs when pple are asked to zoom in and zoom out of an image shows the same trend as the scanning experiments

Answer 28

True - the more zooming you have to do the longer it takes

Question 29

Which two experiments show that participants take longer to judge the appropriateness of a feature of an animal when it is smaller?

Answer 29

- The imaging of a bunny beside an elephant vs beside a fly | - The imaging of an animal within different sized squares

Question 30

The bunny beside an elephant experiment disproves the ___________ because ___________ would say that the relative size of the bunny would make know differents in the knowledge of the features

Answer 30

conceptual- proposition hypothesis | Propositions

Question 31

Describe the results from the animal in a memory box True or False size experiment?

Answer 31

The time required to determine the appropriateness of a property was a function of the size of the image.The smallest images took the longest to say T while the biggest were the fastest. The F were faster than T for the smallest image b/c it was easier to say something wasn't there, they were slower than T for the rest b/c the whole image had to be scanned.

Question 32

T or F: We know visual images are literally laid out the way pictures are.

Answer 32

False - the points are not necessarily physically close together in the brain they are functionally close together.

Question 33

T or F: Real and visual images are functionally equivalent

Answer 33

True

Question 34

A second- order isomorphism is_________

Answer 34

substance that has the same form as another substance

Question 35

The functional equivalency hypothesis states that there _____ a direct one to one relationship b/ w memory objects and real-world objects in memory but the functional relationship is the _______

Answer 35

is not | same

Question 36

An object taking longer to rotate 90 degrees than 45 degrees in both real and mental images supports the __________

Answer 36

functional equivalency hypothesis

Question 37

T or F: Mental Rotation follows the same trend as object scanning and zooming

Answer 37

True - it takes longer to rotate a mental image farther

Question 38

when given pairs of 2D and 3D objects and asked to judge if the pairs are the same the ________ to equivalency is equal to ______. This is shown in the ________ experiment and the ________ experiment

Answer 38

degree of rotation reaction time R rotation - forward vs backward R 3D shape rotation - are they the same

Question 39

T or F: Images are not the same thing as pictures they are the perceived version of pictures.

Answer 39

True -imagery goes beyond what is actually there.

Question 40

Descirbe how the ambiguous image experiment shows that images and pictures are not the same:

Answer 40

When people memorized an ambiguous image and tried to see both versions of it in their minds eye they could not. When they drew the image on paper from memory they were able to see both images.

Question 41

Mental images are _______, _________ and ______

Answer 41

organized, disambiguated and 3D

Question 42

__________ is important in terms of being able to take a different perspective. This is shown in the texas experiment, pple did much better when reminded: __________

Answer 42

Frame of reference | some other edge could be the top

Question 43

T or F the same neural networks are involved in perception and imagery:

Answer 43

True

Question 44

In the interference b/w imaging and perceiving experiment. Participants were asked to detect faint images or sounds while either maintaining a ____________. Pple where better at detecting faint auditory sounds while _________ and at detecting faint visual image while maintaining an ______. ________ were more likely when pple were using the same modality. This supports the same _________ being in use as perception and imagery interfere with each other.

Answer 44

``` visual or auditory image visualizing auditory image False alarms neural networks ```

Question 45

5 other evidence is there that perception and imagery use the same parts of the brain:

Answer 45

1) Priming - an image primes perception 2) Acuity - decreases towards periphery in both 3) TMS disruption caused problems with perception and imagery 4) Brain imaging -PET and fMRI show similar region activation 5) Brain damage

Question 46

Give and define three brain damaged disorders that are shown in both images and perception:

Answer 46

1) object agnosia: difficulty naming objects 2) Cerebral achromatopsia: can't see colour 3) Visual neglect: ignore left side of the visual frame

Question 47

Is there any evidence of differences in neural pathways between imagery and perception?

Answer 47

Yes - individuals with imagery deficits and intact visual recognition and vice versa

Question 48

T or F: Visual and Spatial imagery are the same thing

Answer 48

False - there is a dissociation between object recognition and spatial location

Question 49

What is the evidence that visual and spatial imagery aren't the same?

Answer 49

1) Blind subjects show the same effects of mental rotation and image scanning 2) Hegary and Sims pulley experiment 3) Patient LH

Question 50

Describe Hegarty and Sims pulley experiment:

Answer 50

True or False question regarding whether the pulley is attached to the ceiling (static visual imagery) or whether the upper pulley turns clockwise when the rope is pulled ( dynamic spatial imagery).

Question 51

What were the results of Hegarty and Sims pulley experiment with regards to response latency?

Answer 51

- Response latency was always the same for the static True or False - Response latency increased (slower response time) depending on what pulley was in question for the dynamic T or F.

Question 52

Spatial info can be presented in many different modalities it is likely that __________ is the more important cognitive construct compared to __________.

Answer 52

spatial information | visual information

Question 53

Patient LH experienced damage bilaterally _______ and unilaterally to the _______. His elementary vision was not affected but his _________ was extremely impaired. LH did poorly on visual imagery tasks and well on__________.

Answer 53

to temporal occipital regions right temporal and inferior frontal lobes visual recognition mental spatial tasks.

Question 54

LH ability on spatial but not visual tasks is evidence for______________between visual and spatial imagery

Answer 54

a neurological dissociation between visual and spatial imagery

Question 55

When stimulus (real or imagined) appropriate for one sense triggers an experience appropriate to another sense this is called ________

Answer 55

synesthesia

Question 56

_________ (colours) is the most common form of synesthesia. Letters and digits, sounds or tastes have colour.

Answer 56

chromesthesia

Question 57

Approx. how many people have synesthesia?

Answer 57

1/200

Question 58

In the experiment where Synesthesic C and regular participants completed a memory tasks in different coloured ink what were the results:

Answer 58

1) Black ink: Synesthesic best 2) incongruent ink: Synesthesic worst 3) congruent ink: Synesthesic better than incongruent but not as good as black possibly b/c the colours weren't completely accurate