Lecture for Chapter 12 Flashcards
(48 cards)
We solve problems everyday, a search through the problem space is one technique that is often used to solve problems. Problem solving is taxing and people use __________ to help them solve problems quickly and efficiently
heuristics
Describe the Tower of Hanoi:
Move disks until you get a stack of disks from one peg to another, but you can’t put a large disk over a small one
The set of relevent things you can do within a problem is called the _____________
problem space
Describe the 4 general problem solving method/ steps:
1) Initial state- knowledge and resources you have
2) Goal state- where you want to end up
3) Operations - The tools and actions that can change your state
4) Path constraints - The limitations on the moves you can make/obstacles
What are 6 heuristics/ techniques that help with problem solving?
1) Brute force solution
2) Hill climbing heuristic
3) Means end analysis
4) Working Backwards
5) Mental representations
6) Analogies
The technique of laying out the whole problem solving space is possible in some problems. It is then possible to look at the problem space and go through the chart to find all the possible solutions. This technique is called the __________ and usually takes way too much time.
Brute force solution
The technique of always moving closer to your goal and never moving away from it is called ______________. This technique doesn’t always work b/c sometimes you have to step away from your goal ex. The 3 Hobbits and 3 Orcs Problem.
The hill climbing heuristic
Describe the Hobbit and Orcs Problem:
3 hobbits and 3 orcs that need to get across the river. One boat carries 2 creatures. You can never have more orcs than hobbits b/c the Orcs will eat the hobbits.
Describe the Means end analysis technique:
- Figure out what the difference between my current state and my goal state is.
- Break the problem into more solvable subproblems
Most complex problem solving requires the use of more than one __________ as well as both ___________and _________searchs.
heuristic
forward and backwards
_____________ is when you start at your goal and work from there. This technique is especially helpful when the difference from the goal state is ________but the difference from the initial state is ______. Ex. Three pple found treasure, buried half, split rest, 1 person got 2000 coins.
Working backwards
small
large
Problem solving can be done either as a search or as a ___________
representation
Representation includes using _______ or _________ to figure out how the world works. These models can be wrong or biased and sometimes to solve a problem a __________is needed.
mental imagery or mental models
new representation
Hypertension usually has no symptoms but ___% of patients say they can detect symptoms, this is probably due to their _________.
80%
Mental model of illness
One of the reasons patients sometimes stop following treatment regiments from the doctor is b/c they know longer are showing symptoms which are key to there ___________.
Mental model of illness. Involving symptoms of sickness and requirement for medication
What is an example when different mental models vary pples ability to problem solve?
Bill’s books. When people picture the books in a shelf at home only 30% get it right. If they picture the books at a library 65% get it correct.
If mental models are too big and cumbersom __________ can be used to represent relationships among sets and to interprete quantifiers.
Venn or Euler diagrams
Representation of the problems space is important. Different representations include different _______. Some representations have the ___________ and some don’t, this can affect the ability of the participant to apply ___________ that are on track with the relevant information. It is much easier to solve problems if _______ and ______ are represented efficiently
information
right information
operations
states and operations
The necklace example (in which they have to make the cheapest necklace from 4 chains) shows that different ___________ affect ability to use operations that _______
representations
efficiently solve the problem
What is a real life example of bad representation and its consequences?
The ballots in the US election were badly represented and may have resulted in democrats losing votes
The walking Monk wondering if he was in the same place twice at the same time is much easier to solve by__________
changing the representation to two monks
__________ are great teaching gools but they are difficult to develop if you don’t already have one and the spontaneous uninstructed use of them is quite rare.
analogies
What types of mistakes do people make when making up analogies?
They often use the same object/actors instead of the same form when it is really the deep structure and form that matters rather than the surface elements.
When students were given the general and fortress problem to read followed by the tumour problem, ___________ students could solve it. When explicitly told to use the general fortress problem __% solved it. People probably didn’t recognize the similarities b/c they were looking at the _______ structure rather than ______structure
very few
90%
surface
deep
