Lecture for Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory Errors are useful because _______

Answer 1

they can tell us how memory works

Question 2

Record keeping model:

Answer 2

Like searching a storehouse of records of past events. Finding memory is like reexperiencing it.
Fits with the computer metaphore but it’s not how the brain works

Question 3

Constructionist model:

Answer 3

Recollecting the past is a process of reconstruction. The past is recreated or inferred not re-experienced.

• uses current information and connections
• make plausible guesses
• active process
• use reconstruction strategies to deduce our past

Question 4

Hypotheses about forgetting:

Answer 4

1) Decay
2) interference
3) retrieval failure

Question 5

Decay:

Answer 5

with the passage of time memories tend to fade away

Question 6

Recall for lists of nonsense syllables is better if people sleep after learning them, rather than staying awake. This data supports __________

Answer 6

Interference theory

Question 7

Interference theory:

Answer 7

Hypothesis that something is stopping or destroying memories and that it is not just that time is passing

Question 8

Reasons for interference theory:

Answer 8

• response competition
• retroactive interference
• proactive interference

Question 9

How does response competition cause interference?

Answer 9

The same cue is associated with more than one response - weakening association
Catastrophic interference (neural net model) ?? no idea??

Question 10

Cue dependent forgetting:

Answer 10

failure of retrieval cues

Question 11

Cue dependent forgetting occurs when we can’t _______ that was present at encoding. Cues are_____________

Answer 11

reinstate the context

inappropriate or ineffective

Question 12

Cue dependent forgetting is similar to ________and __________

Answer 12

specificity principle

transfer appropriate processing

Question 13

Define retrieval inhibition:

Answer 13

Recalling part of the story results in poorer recall for the rest of the story later on.

Question 14

What are the implication of retrieval inhibition on police interviews of witnesses:

Answer 14

Police often use part of the story in an attempt to cue the witness when in reality they are actually inhibiting the info you want them to tell you.

Question 15

Describe the experiment showing that forgetting can result from inference by previously recalled information.

Answer 15

1) Given lists of categorization of words
2) Cued-recall for some of the words ex. fruit ba____
3) Tried to recall all words
Memory was impaired for fruit words that were not tested in the intermediate test but not for vehicle words

Question 16

Can people remember things that never took place?

Answer 16

Yes easily

Question 17

4 ways that people can remember things that never took place:

Answer 17

1) bias of previous knowledge
2) Intrusion errors
3) Assumptions
4) Memory Distortions

Question 18

Bias of previous knowledge:

Answer 18

impose structure on reconstructed events

Question 19

Intrusion errors:

Answer 19

remember things that often do occur but did not occur in this case

Question 20

Assumptions:

Answer 20

filling in the gaps (when part of the experience was not encoded in the first place)

Question 21

Memory distortion:

Answer 21

Alter the past to bring it in line with beliefs

Question 22

Describe the DRM procedure:

Answer 22

Learn a list of words that are all related to a theme.
ex. famine, starving, craving.
Pple are likely to remember that “hunger” was on the list

Question 23

In an experiment pple were told a story about Bob or Margie. Half were told that neither wanted kids and half that bob did not want kids. Half of these were told that they stayed together or broke up. Memory of the beginning of the story was altered to fit the ending. This is an example of ______________

Answer 23

Distortion and intrusion errors

Question 24

Distorition can occur based on ________

Answer 24

perspective

Question 25

Describe th soap opera effect:

Answer 25

In listening to a story from the water-skier or boat drivers perspective. Details were remembered and altered based on perspective.

Question 26

Define Schemata:

Answer 26

A schema refers to static knowledge about a place or a thing.

Question 27

Define Script:

Answer 27

A script refers to dynamic knowledge about how things unfold

Question 28

There are many ________ between new information and existing schematic knowledge.

Answer 28

connections

Question 29

In the academic office many 9 subjects recalled seeing _____ even though there were none this was due to their _______

Answer 29

book | schemata

Question 30

When told a story people are more likely to falsely remember a sentence that is ______ because it fits into their schemata.

Answer 30

new but related

Question 31

True or false: Schemas can result in source confustion

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Describe the effect of prior knowledge on the Gerald Martin vs Hitler paragraph.

Answer 32

- Participants who thought the passage was about Hitler were more likely to say that new but thematically related to Hitler sentences were in the passage a week later. - Neither was likely immediately after

Question 33

False recognition in scripts:

Answer 33

Created a script of events in a tape recorded mock trial. Had participants listen to the transcripts and a week later recall as many actions as possible from the testimony

Question 34

In the Mock trial what percent were correctly recalled?

Answer 34

31%

Question 35

In the Mock trial what percent were falsely recalled?

Answer 35

15%

Question 36

In the Mock trial what percent were falsely recalled when misleading info was implied by the attorney?

Answer 36

25%

Question 37

Is there a correlation between accuracy and confidence?

Answer 37

Not really if there is it is small

Question 38

True or false: We put more confidence in the memories of others when they have conviction of them.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What does the Ronald Cotton video show about eye witness testimony:

Answer 39

It is not necessarily accurate. "Watch video" Many mistakes were made.

Question 40

When particpants watched a video tape of a car on the road and asked "how fast was the white sports car going while traveling down the country road (when it passed the barn or not)?" One week later particpants reported:

Answer 40

- In the condition that doesn't mention the barn 3% reported seeing it - In the condition that suggests the barn 17% said yes

Question 41

What does the barn video suggest about witnesses susceptibility to suggestion?

Answer 41

They are very susceptible.

Question 42

When participants were shown slides of a car hitting a pedestrian and saw either a stop sign or yield sign. Later when shown two signs and asked to choose which was there. If Misled __ chose the correct slide If not misled __ chose the correct slide

Answer 42

If Misled 41% chose the correct slide | If not misled 75% chose the correct slide

Question 43

What happened if participants who chose the wrong sign were given another chance with a new sign?

Answer 43

Responses were at chance

Question 44

True or False: Sentences that were seen before are seen as more credible

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What happens when memories change?

Answer 45

1) Destructive updating 2) Filling in a gap 3) Choosing from two memories

Question 46

Destructive updating:

Answer 46

New memory replaces the old; old is destroyed or maybe just made inaccessible

Question 47

Filling in a gap:

Answer 47

The old memory never existed in the first place.

Question 48

Choosing from two memories:

Answer 48

Old is not destroyed; at test, a choice is made whether to use old or new memories

Question 49

What mechanisms lead to memory error?

Answer 49

1) Generic knowledge (expectations fill in gaps) | 2) New knowledge produces errors (contradictory account, leading questions)

Question 50

Familiar sentences were judged to be more ______ even when participants were warned not to remember the first sentences.

Answer 50

credible

Question 51

What factors influence memory?

Answer 51

1) goal of remembering 2) reconstruction 3) changing perspective 4) forgetting/ failure of retrieval cues

Question 52

How does the goal of remembering affect remembering?

Answer 52

- desire for accuracy may lead to incomplete recall (ex. gaps aren't filled by inference) - desire for completion may lead to inaccuracy

Question 53

How does reconstruction affect remembering?

Answer 53

- use the gist if there is reason to believe it is correct | - leads to omission of elements inconsistent with the gist and intrusion errors consistent with the gist

Question 54

How does changing perspective affect remembering?

Answer 54

- abandons previous assumption | - new perspective allows a new plan for searching memory

Question 55

When told a story and listening from either the perspective of a home buyer or burglar and then after a short delay attempted to write a much of the exact story as they could recall and then did recalled again after another delay. How did perspective affect recall?

Answer 55

The group that viewed the story from the same perspective at both recalls recalled slightly less on the second attempt. The group that viewed the story from different perspectives at the second recall, recalled 7-10% more on the second attempt.

Question 56

Forgetting is related to failure of ______ and can be reduced by providing the right cues.

Answer 56

retrieval cues

Question 57

Describe the cognitive interview:

Answer 57

1) Use the encoding specificity principle 2) use all available retrieval paths 3) Report the events in a variety of orders 4) Assume different perspectives

Question 58

When the cognitive interview, hypnosis and the standard interview was tested at the LAPD what was found?

Answer 58

Best recall of correct info was found for the cognitive interview. Hypnosis created more recall but it wasn't correct/ accurate

Question 59

What % of correct information was recalled during the Cognitive interview?

Answer 59

25-35%

Question 60

What are the aspects of memory of emotionally charged events?

Answer 60

1) autobiographical 2) Narrowing of attention 3) emotions slows the process of forgetting (more rehearsal)

Question 61

how does narrowing of attention work?

Answer 61

- Good memory for the focus of the event | - Poor memory for peripheral aspects of the event

Question 62

Heurer and Reisberg's study of neutral vs emotional event found that:

Answer 62

- In the neutral event: people were fuzzy on the plot and there were more intrusion errors - In the emotional event: more accurate about plot, errors were about characters and motivation

Question 63

Define Flashbulb memories:

Answer 63

Highly vivid memories with a considerable amount of detail reported but these details can be false

Question 64

After the Space-shuttle explosion people were interviewed one day after and then again three years after. Results?

Answer 64

The memories between interviews were inconsistent but people were still confident in them

Question 65

Human memory is __________ not to __________

Answer 65

predict the future, not to recapitulate the past

Question 66

Living with memory:

Answer 66

Accuracy and adequacy Connections and rich network Selection of what to encode, store and retrieve

Question 67

For the most part memory is ____ and ____ . There are advantages to forgetting.

Answer 67

efficient and accurate

Question 68

Retrieval paths are required for accurate recall. If we restrict ______ to reduce errors we also restrict_______

Answer 68

connections | the retrieval of accurate information