Lecture for Chapter 9 Flashcards
(53 cards)
People have a vocab of approx. _____ words and generally say _____ words/ day
80 000
20 000
The ____ words in a person vocab come from only ____ phonemes
80 000
40
People speak at a rate of ____ words/ min or ____ phonemes/ sec
200
11
T or F: Language is a uniquely human, incredibly complex system. Language is something we do very rapidly and effortlessly but there is a lot of work that has to happen.
True
What are the different representational levels of language:
Semantics: meaning, discourse
Syntax: grammar
Prosody: rhythm, stress, intonation or tune
Morphology: meaningful bits, smallest bit with meaning
Phonology: single speech sounds
Features: Place, manner and voice
How is language hard:
1) Speech segmentation: no gaps b/w words
2) Speech is fast
3) Sounds are not constant: different speakers, accents and coarticulation (diff. sounds)
Describe the phoneme restoration effect:
Due to context people hear sounds that aren’t actually there.
The speech oscillogram measures _________ while the speech spectrogram measures _________.
amplitude
frequency
Bilabila, labiodental, alveolar, palatal and velar are all___________
place of articulation
Stop, fricative, affricate and glide are all _________
manner of articulation
Descibe VOT:
The time it takes between release of air and the start of vocal fold vibration
What has a longer VOT “b” or “p”
“p”
Describe categorical perception:
We don’t perceive degrees of variability. Everything on one side of the boundary we hear as one sound ex. “b” and everything on the other side we hear as another sound ex. “p” . We don’t perceive differences in the sounds in between
The ________ shows that visual info can dominate auditory info and that understanding speech is multimodal.
McGurk effect
T or F: there are rules for combining phonemes.
True - only certain sounds can occur at the end or beginning of words example in english “ng” is only at the end and “str” is only at the beginning
- in english the plural changes depending on the last sound
What is required to know to know a word:
1) orthography
2) Morphology
3) sound: phonological representation
4) Meaning: semantic representation
5) Greater network of knowledge
The ________ shows all the parts of a word
Tip of the tongue experience
Tip of the tongue occurs when you know the_______ including gramatical info but you are missing some or all of ______
lexical level
sound level
Anomia:
Word finding difficulty. Lose use of concrete vs abstract nouns. Lose ability to name animate vs animate objects, lose ability to name colours
Describe the tip of the tongue state:
- Know the word but can’t figure out how to say it
- Have a specific word in mind and can reject synonyms that aren’t right
- Know first letter or number of synonyms
- Sometimes give examples of how it is used.
The______ you stayed in a TOT the first day the more likely they are to stay in the TOT state the next day. TOT state can be _______
longer
learned
Language universals:
1) Abstract notions
- Would be unable to pick out words in a language you don’t know
2) Innate:
- Babies babble
- Even within single generation language can develop
3) Universal
- Every person has language
We can easily add new _____ words to are vocab but not new _____ words
content
function
New words are created via ______
morphology
