Lecture for Chapter 6

Question 1

______ and ______ are interactive and interdependent processes.

Answer 1

Acquistion and retrieval

Question 2

What are the 3 principles of Mnemonics?

Answer 2

1) provide a structure
2) durable record
3) guide retrieval by providing effective cues

Question 3

3 things that make a cue effective?

Answer 3

1) associative strength
2) State dependent or context dependent learning
3) encoding specificity

Question 4

Define Recall:

Answer 4

Require you generate the answer and is followed by the decision of whether the answer is correct

Question 5

Define Recognition:

Answer 5

Does not require generation but does require you to decide if the answer is correct

Question 6

_________ and ________ increase associative strength

Answer 6

frequency of occurrence and distinctiveness of the relation

Question 7

In a word pair study in which participants built up associative strength by studying word pairs in the study phase and one word was presented as a cue in the test phase. Which type of cue was more effective?

Answer 7

Strongly associated cues

Question 8

State dependent learning:

Answer 8

1) The context becomes incorporated with the associations and the path of retrieval.
2) Perspective at the time of encoding and retrieval is important

Question 9

What perspective factors are important in state dependent learning:

Answer 9

1) location (underwater vs land)
2) physiology (drunk vs sober)
3) mood (happy vs sad)
4) environment

Question 10

What experiment showed the importance of state dependent learning?

Answer 10

Scuba divers who learned material either on land or underwater, did better when tested on material in the same location.

Question 11

Encoding specificity:

Answer 11

Interactions between encoding and retrieval operations.

How and what you’re doing all gets stored in memory.

Question 12

Describe Fisher and Craiks experiment showing encoding specificity:

Answer 12

• Participants made either semantic or phonemic association judgement on phrases and words.
• Participants recalled words based on a retrieval cue
• cues were either identical, similar or different to learning

Question 13

In Fisher and Craiks encoding specificity experiment: If encoding cues don’t matter what would we expect.

Answer 13

Participants who made semantic association judgments should always recall words better because they used deeper processing when learnign

Question 14

What were the results of Fisher and Craiks encoding specificity experiment?

Answer 14

Over all participants who made semantic association judgements did better HOWEVER matching cues had an impact. Participants who made phonemic associations and received phonemic cues did better than those who made semantic associations but received phonemic cues

Question 15

There is both an encoding context ________ effect and a retrieval context effect _______

Answer 15

type of processing

type of cue (same vs different)

Question 16

If you are trying to recall material you learned in one room but are being tested in another room one technique would be to _______

Answer 16

think about the learning room

Question 17

Define perceptual fluency:

Answer 17

If you have perceived the stimulus fluency develops for perceiving the stimulus. This fluency is specific to stimulus details.

Question 18

Define conceptual fluency:

Answer 18

If you have thought about the meaning, fluency develops for thinking about the meaning. Specific to the perspective taken

Question 19

Perceptual specificity:

Answer 19

Perceptual memories are stimulus-specific

ex. practice with a subset of letters of a word does not prime given different letters
ex. practice with auditory does not prime visual

Question 20

Priming occurs for pictures that contain the same geons but not for the same picture containing different geons this is an example of _________

Answer 20

perceptual specificity

Question 21

Conceptual specificity

Answer 21

Conceptual tasks are also specific

Question 22

Describe the experiment showing conceptual specificity?

Answer 22

• Lexical decision task –Shown as sentence and must decide if last letter string is a word “bink” vs “bank”
• Word reshown in either same context, same context different meaning or different context and meaning
• Best priming for same context, worst for different meaning and context

Question 23

Transfer appropriate processing:

Answer 23

Skills only transfer if you have a match between learning and retrieval. Particular perceptual skill relevant to that particular perceptual skill etc.

Question 24

What are the 7 memory dichotomies?

Answer 24

1) WM / LTM
2) Recognition / Recall
3) Perceptual / Conceptual
4) Automatic / Controlled
5) Implicit / Explicit
6) Unconscious / conscious
7) Procedural / Declarative

Question 25

Define Antrograde Amnesia:

Answer 25

inability to form memories of events after the injury

Question 26

What did HM's injury andd korsakoff's syndrom affect memory?

Answer 26

Intact WM and LTM for already stored events. Inability to form new explicit memories but able to form implicit memories

Question 27

Describe HM's experience with the mirror tracing task:

Answer 27

He had no memory of previously doing the task and would need to have it explained each time BUT he got better with practice.

Question 28

HM and the mirror tracing task supports distinctions between 3 memory dichotomies:

Answer 28

WM vs LTM Procedural vs Declarative Implicit vs Explicit

Question 29

Remembering the _________ of knowledge and feelings of _________ are two kinds of memory

Answer 29

Source | Familiarity

Question 30

Describe source memory:

Answer 30

Remembering the particular episode in which the learning occurred, the place, time, details

Question 31

Describe Feeling familiar:

Answer 31

Memory without awareness No association with a particular episode No association with where, when or who familiar with skill but no associated episode

Question 32

A recall test requires _________ memory and person must decide ____

Answer 32

source | Whether the memory was correctly retrieved

Question 33

A recognition test requires_________ memory and the person must decide ________

Answer 33

source memory or familiarity plus inference | Why a memory seems familiar (correctly or incorrectly infer it was or wasn't from an episode)

Question 34

How can we test memory without awareness?

Answer 34

Direct tests = conceptual | Indirect tests = perceptual

Question 35

In Jacoby's experiment participants saw one of three learning conditions: ________,_____, ______. And were test either directly with an ________, or indirectly with _______.

Answer 35

No context (XXX DARK), context (HOT COLD), Generate word Old new decision Tachistoscoptic identification

Question 36

No context learning conditions uses ____ conceptual and ____ perceptual.

Answer 36

low conceptual and high perceptual

Question 37

Generate learning condition uses _____conceptual and ____ perceptual

Answer 37

high conceptual and low perceptual

Question 38

Old New decision task is ________ while the tachistoscopic identification task is _______

Answer 38

Conceptual | Perceptual

Question 39

Jacoby's experiment shows three things:

Answer 39

- encoding specificity - transfer appropriate processing - Distinction between: - explicit and implicit - Direct and indirect memory tests

Question 40

Explicit memory characteristics:

Answer 40

1) memory with awareness 2) controlled 3) recall for specific episode (source) 4) Direct memory tests

Question 41

What are direct memory tests:

Answer 41

- identify words as having been in the previous list | - elaborative processing helps

Question 42

Implicit memory characteristics:

Answer 42

1) memory without awareness 2) Automatic 3) Sometimes experienced as feeling of familiarity 4) Indirect memory tests

Question 43

What are indirect memory tests:

Answer 43

- Tachistoscopic - word-stem competition (LETT__ -uce or -er) - identify briefly presented words - repetition (priming) helps

Question 44

Describe the False Fame experiment:

Answer 44

1) Memory task:-list of names to remember, none are famous ( either full or divided attention during this task) 2) Fame test: -decide which names are famous 3) Recognition test: - decide which names were from the first list.

Question 45

In the false fame experiment people who saw the word list with divided attention were more likely to _________ and less likley to ________.

Answer 45

incorrectly judge a name to be famous | correctly recognize the name as being part of the first list

Question 46

In the false fame experiment people who saw the word list with full attention were more likely to _________ and less likley to ________

Answer 46

Correctly recognize the name as part of the first memory list incorrectly judge a name to be famous

Question 47

Fluency of processing is an _______ process and uses _______ memory.

Answer 47

automatic implicit - exposure to names in the first list results in fluency of processing next time they are presented

Question 48

Feeling of familiarity is an _______ process and uses _______ memory.

Answer 48

automatic implicit - processing of fluency leads to feelings of familiarity

Question 49

Attempt to determine source of familiarity is a _______ process and uses _______ memory.

Answer 49

controlled explicit - successfully recall name from previous lists (full attention) - fail to recall name from previous list and possibly misattribute source (divided attention) previous automatic processes dominate

Question 50

Practice with a sequence of associations produces______

Answer 50

processing fluency

Question 51

We are are sensitive to degrees of fluency but we perceive it as _________ rather than fluency and make ________ about the source based on this

Answer 51

Familiarity | inferences

Question 52

How can we create an illusion of familiarity?

Answer 52

By decreasing the difficulty in perceiving an object we can create fluency without previous experience.

Question 53

If participants view a list of words and then another list of words and judge whether words from the 1st list are on the 2nd. Words presented with lots of moving dots would be _________ while words with fewer dots would be __________

Answer 53

more difficult to perceive and more likely to be considered new words easier to perceive and more likely to be perceived as old

Question 54

Misattribution of implicit memory occurs when________

Answer 54

Pple attribute fluency to the wrong stimulus. when they hear new and old auditory sentences embedded in noise they judge the intensity of the noise as less for the old sentences

Question 55

When participants hear new and old auditory sentences embedded in noise they judge the intensity of the noise as _______ for the old sentences and ______ for the new sentences. This is _______

Answer 55

lower higher misattribution of implicit memory

Question 56

The illusion of truth is _____

Answer 56

the effect of familiarity on what you think you know

Question 57

Two things that can create the illusion of truth:

Answer 57

1) slander | 2) propoganda

Question 58

The _______ has implication for witness identification

Answer 58

illusion of truth