Lesson 1 - Eyes and Ears Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
eyelid aka
A
palpebrae
2
Q
what do eyelids do?
A
cover the eyes
3
Q
medial/lateral commissure (canthus)
A
median and lateral junctions of upper and lower eyelids
4
Q
lacrimal caruncle
A
located on the medial commissure, produces oily secretions
5
Q
conjunctiva
A
inner surface of the eyelid, secretes mucus
6
Q
lacrimal apparatus
A
secretes tears that contain lysozyme
7
Q
the lacrimal apparatus consists of (4)
A
- lacrimal gland
- lacrimal canaliculus
- lacrimal sac
- nasolacrimal duct
8
Q
ciliary glands
A
modified sweat glands found between eyelashes, lubricates the eye
9
Q
tarsal glands
A
sebaceous glands posterior to the eyelashes, produces oily secretion, lubricates eye
10
Q
six extrinsic eye muscles
A
- lateral/external rectus
- medial/internal rectus
- superior rectus
- inferior rectus
- inferior oblique
- superior oblique
11
Q
lateral rectus: action
A
moves eye laterally
12
Q
lateral rectus: controlling cranial nerve
not III oculomotor
A
VI (abducens)
13
Q
medial rectus: action
A
moves eye medially
14
Q
medial rectus: controlling cranial nerve
A
III oculomotor
15
Q
superior rectus: action
A
elevates eye and turns it medially
16
Q
superior rectus: controlling cranial nerve
A
III oculomotor
17
Q
inferior rectus: action
A
depresses eye and turns it medially
18
Q
inferior rectus: controlling cranial nerve
A
III oculomotor
19
Q
inferior oblique: action
A
elevates eye and turns it laterally
20
Q
inferior oblique: controlling cranial nerve
A
III oculomotor
21
Q
superior oblique: action
A
depresses eye and turns it laterally
22
Q
superior oblique: controlling cranial nerve (not III)
A
IV trochlear
23
Q
three layers of the eye
A
- fibrous layer
- vascular layer (uvea)
- sensory layer
24
Q
eye fibrous layer
A
outer connective tissue layer consisting of the sclera and cornea
25
sclera
white of the eye
26
cornea
transparent anterior structure for light entry
27
eye vascular layer (uvea)
| what layer of the eye? what is the most anteiror part?
middle layer of the eye; the iris is the most anterior part
28
ciliary body (2)
found anteriorly; composed of ciliary muscles to control lens shape and ciliary processes to secrete aqueous humor
29
choroid
found posteriorly; blood-rich nutritive layer containing dark pigments preventing light scattering
30
eye sensory layer
innermost layer, contains the two layers retina
31
two layers of the retina
1. pigmented epithelial layer
2. neural (nervous) layer
32
retina pigmented epithelial layer
| where is this located? what does it cover?
layer closest to the choroid layer; covers the ciliary body and posterior side of the iris
33
retina neural (nervous) layer
transparent layer containing photoreceptors (rod and cones); extends up to the ciliary body
34
rods
for black and white vision, used dim light
35
cones
for color vision, used in bright light
36
where are cones concentrated in the retina?
macula lutea
37
what is the center of the macula lutea called?
fovea centralis
38
where is your blind spot located?
at the optic disc where the optic nerves leave the eye
39
sensory ligament (ciliary zonule)
holds the lens vertically
40
what do ciliary muscle contractions change about the lens?
they change the thickness to focus light onto the retina
41
lens
found anteriorly, focuses light onto the retina
42
the lens divides the eye into two segments
anterior segment/cavity and posterior segment/cavity
43
anterior segment/cavity of the eye contains
contains watery aqueous humor
44
what is aqueous humor formed by?
ciliary bodies
45
what reabsorbs aqueous humor?
scleral venous sinus
46
posterior segment contains
contains gel-like vitreous humor
47
cells of the retinal layer: bipolar cells
connects and modulates input from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
48
cells of the retinal layer: ganglion cells
project axons to the brain via optic nerve and tract
49
where do ganglionic cell axons leave the eye?
optic disc
50
light stimulus causes impulses to travel from: (5)
1. the optic nerves
2. optic chiasma
3. optic tracts
4. superior colliculus and lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
5. occipital lobe in the visual cortex
51
emmetropic eye
normal eye that focuses properly
52
myopia
near-sightedness; images focused in front of the retina
53
hyperopia
far-sightedness; images focused behind of the retina
54
prebyopia
far-sightedness caused by age-related decrease in lens elasticity
55
astigmatism
irregular corneal curvature that distort images
56
how to correct myopia
concave lens
57
how to correct hyperopia
convex lens
58
what causes myopia?
the eyeball being too long
59
what causes hyperopia?
the eyeball being too short
60
outer ear: auricle/pinna
composed of skin covered cartilage
61
external acoustic meatus
external auditory canal lined with ceruminous glands
62
ceruminous glands
secrete wax
63
tympanic membrane
eardrum that vibrates with same frequency as sound waves that enter canal
64
middle ear
consists of a tympanic cavity containing auditory ossicles
65
auditory ossicles (3)
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
66
the ossicles amplify and transmit tympanic membrane vibrations to the _____ _____
oval window on the cochlea
67
pharyngotympanic/auditory tube
connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx and equalizes the middle ear pressure with outside air
68
internal ear
consists of a system of bony (osseous) labyrinth filled with aqueous fluid perilymph
69
inner ear: cochlea
involved in hearing
70
inner ear: vestibule
| what is it involved in??
involved in equilibrium
71
inner ear: semicircular canals
| involved in what process??
involved in equilibrium
72
perilymph
| what is it? where is it found?
aqueous fluid in the inner ear
73
endolymph
aqueous lymph within the inner ear "bony labyrinth"
74
cochlear duct (scala media)
filled with endolymph, and separates cochlear cavity into upper chamber and lower chamber
75
scala vestibuli
upper chamber of the cochlear duct; terminates at the oval window with stapes, filled with perilymph
76
scala tympani
lower chamber of the cochlear duct; terminates at the round window; filled with perilymph
77
spiral organ
contains the sensory receptors
78
sensory receptors of the spiral organ
hair cells that project to the cochlear nerve and part of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII
79
membranes of the spiral organ: basilar membrane
forms the floor of the cochlear duct where hair cells rest
80
membranes of the spiral organ: tectorial membrane
contains a gelatinous membrane that stereocilia from hair cells project into
81
membranes of the spiral organ: vestibular membrane
roof of the cochlear duct
82
how is sound converted to nerve impulses?
1. The stapes send vibrations through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
2. these vibrations cause the basilar membrane to move and thus stimulate the air cells there
83
sensitivity to sound frequencies depends on the _____ of the hair cells
location
84
high frequency sounds are detected by...
primarily hair cells at the base of the cochlear duct
85
low frequency sounds are detected by...
primarily hair cells at the apex of the cochlear duct
86
Weber test
determines if sound conduction is equally loud for both ears
87
what might the Weber test indicate?
if the sounds are not equal in both ears, it may indicate sensorineural deafness from the side with less sound
88
Rinne test
compares conduction between bone and air
89
what does the Rinne test show you if air conduction sounds lower? (4)
can be caused by compared earwax, a perforated eardrum, inflammation of the middle ear, or damage to the ossicles
90
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
91
vestibular apparatus
| suspended in?
composed of?
suspended in perilymph; is composed of the
- utricle
- saccule
92
vestibular apparatus: urticle
detects horizontal acceleration
93
vestibular apparatus: saccule
detects vertical acceleration
94
semicircular canals
| contain?
contains the membranous semicircular ducts
95
semicircular ducts
| monitor what?
monitors angular acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)
96
three semicircular ducts
| what are they called?
anterior, posterior, and lateral
97
vestibule and semicircular canals are filled with _____
endolymph
98
vestibule: the utricle and saccule contain hair cells that project _____ and _____
stereocilia and kinocilium
99
vestibule: where do stereocilia and kinocilium project?
into the otolithic membrane
100
vestibule: otolithic membrane
gelatinous material containing calcium carbonate crystals called otolith
101
otolith
calcium carbonate crystals in the vestibule
102
what does movement of the head cause?
the otolithic membrane to move and stimulate or inhibit the hair cells to alter electrical signals sent along the vestibular nerve to the brain
103
semicircular canals contain
contain hair cells in the crista ampullaris or the ampulla
104
ampullary cupula
a gelatinous cap covering the crista ampullaris
105
Label A-D
A: palpebral conjunctiva
B: tarsal glands
C: cornea
D: bulbar conjunctiva
106
Label A-C
A: lacrimal sac
B: medial commissure
C: lacrimal caruncle
107
Label D-F
D: lacrimal gland
E: excretory ducts of lacrimal glands
F: lateral commissure
108
Label G-I
G: lacrimal punctum
H: lacrimal canaliculus
I: nasolacrimal duct
109
Label A-C
A: optic nerve
B: inferior rectus muscle
C: inferior oblique muscle
110
Label D-G
D: lateral rectus muscle
E: superior rectus muscle
F: superior oblique tendon
G: superior oblique muscle
111
Label A-C
A: superior oblique muscle
B: superior oblique tendon
C: superior rectus muscle
112
Label D-G
D: optic nerve
E: lateral rectus muscle
F: medial rectus muscle
G: inferior rectus muscle
113
Label A-C
A: ciliary body
B: ciliary zonule
C: cornea
114
Label D-F
D: iris
E: pupil
F: ciliary zone
115
Label G and H
G: sclera
H: choroid
116
Label A-C
A: ciliary processes
B: iris
C: cornea
117
Label D and E
D: choroid
E: sclera
118
Label A-D
A: ciliary body
B: ciliary processes
C: choroid
D: sclera
119
Label A-C
A: iris
B: pupil
C: retina
120
Label D-G
D: macula lutea
E: fovea centralis
F: optic nerve
G: optic disc/blind spot
121
Label A-C
A: iris
B: retina
C: fovea centralis
122
Label D-F
D: optic nerve
E: optic disc
F: retina
123
Label A-D
A: anterior chamber of anterior segment (has aqueous humor)
B: lens
C: scleral venous sinus
D: posterior segment (contains vitreous humor)
124
Label A-C
A: anterior segment
B: lens
C: ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)
125
Label E-G
| F is not the iris
E: vitreous humor in posterior segment
F: lens (posterior aspect)
G: ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament)
126
Label A-C
A: axons of ganglion cells
B: ganglion cells
C: bipolar cells
127
Label D-F
D: photoreceptors
E: rods
F: cone
128
Label G-I
G: amacrine cell
H: horizontal cell
I: pigmented epithelial layer of retina
129
Label A-C
A: nuclei of ganglion
B: outer segments of rods and cones
C: choroid
130
Label D-G
D: axons of ganglion cells
E: nuclei of bipolar cells
F: nuclei of rods and cones
G: pigmented layer of retina
131
Label A-C
A: optic nerve
B: optic chiasma
C: optic tract
132
Label D-F
D: lateral geniculate body
E: superior colliculus
F: uncrossed fiber
133
Label G-I
G: crossed fiber
H: optic radiation
I: occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)
134
Label J and K
J: superior colliculus
K: lateral geniculate body of thalamus
135
Label A-C
A: emmetropic eye
B: myopic eye (nearsighted)
C: hyperopic eye (farsighted)
136
Label A-C
A: external ear
B: auricle (pinna)
C: external acoustic meatus
137
Label D-F
D: semicircular canal
E: vestibular nerve
F: cochlear nerve
138
Label G and H
G: cochlea
H: tympanic membrane
139
Label A-C
A: middle ear
B: internal ear (labyrinth)
C: auditory ossicles
140
Label D-G
D; malleus
E: incus
F: stapes
G: pharyngotympanic tube
141
Label A-C
A: Temporal bone
B: semicircular ducts in semicircular canals
C: anterior
142
Label D-F
D: posterior
E: lateral
F: utricle in vestibule
143
Label G-I
G: saccule in vestibule
H: stapes in oval window
I: cochlear duct in cochlea
144
Label J and K
J: cochlear nerve
K: vestibular nerve
145
Label A-D
A: cochlear duct/scala media (contains endolymph)
B: spiral organ
C: scala vestibuli
D: scala tympani
146
Label A and B
A: vestibular membrane
B: tectorial membrane
others are on another card
147
Label A-C
A: tectorial membrane
B: hair (stereocilia)
C: outer hair cells
148
Label D-F
D: inner hair cells
E: basilar membrane
F: fibers of cochlear nerve
149
Label A-C
A: stapes
B: oval window
C: scala vestibuli
150
Label D-F
| D is asking what is inside the space
D: perilymph
E: fibers of cochlear nerve
F: round window
151
Label G-I
G: scala tympani
H: basilar membrane
I: cochlear duct
152
Label J and K
J: base
K: apex
153
Label A-C
A: otolith membrane
B: kinocilium
C: stereocilia
154
Label A-C
| C is asking what is in the space
A: membranous labyrinth
B: crista ampullaris
C: endolymph
155
Label D-G
D: ampulla
E: ampullary cupula
F: hair bundle (kinocilium + stereocilia)
G: hair cell
