Lesson 9 - Renal System + PhysioEx Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
what is the urinary system responsible for?
A
removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body
2
Q
the urinary system consists of…(5)
A
- kidneys
- urinary bladder
- ureters
- urethra
- trigone
3
Q
kidneys
A
major homeostatic organ of the body; filters blood to remove metabolic wastes, toxins and excess ions
4
Q
urinary bladder
A
reservoir for urine
5
Q
ureters
A
transports waste fluids from kidneys to urinary bladder
6
Q
urethra
A
connects bladder to external environment
7
Q
trigone
A
triangular area delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra
8
Q
functions of the kidneys (4)
A
- remove nitrogenous waste from blood
- maintain fluid balance
- maintain electrolyte balance
- maintain acid-base balance
9
Q
two major regions of the kidneys
A
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
10
Q
renal cortex
A
outer portion of the kidney
11
Q
renal medulla
A
inner portion of the kidney containing the renal pyramids
12
Q
renal pyramids are separated by renal _____
A
columns
13
Q
the apex of the renal pyramid faces the _____
A
calyx
14
Q
blood flow through the renal system (11)
A
descending aorta –> renal arteries –> segmental arteries (enter kidney) –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> cortical radiate arteries –> afferent arterioles (capillary bed where filtration occurs) –> cortical radiate veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal veins
15
Q
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
the nephron
16
Q
what are the two kinds of nephrons?
A
- cortical nephrons
- juxtamedullary nephrons
17
Q
two major structures of the nephron
A
- glomerulus
- renal tubule
18
Q
glomerulus
A
a capillary ‘knot’ formed by the afferent arteriole where blood is filtered
19
Q
renal tubule (3)
A
forms the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the loop of Henle
20
Q
Bowman’s capsule
A
surrounds the glomerulus; forms porous membrane so fluid can pass through
21
Q
what is the visceral (inner) wall of Bowman’s capsule composed of?
A
podocytes
22
Q
where do fluids/ions not reabsorbed from the renal tubule go?
A
the collecting duct
23
Q
where does the collecting duct dump fluids/ions not reabsorbed? (2)
A
calyces and the pelvis of the kidneys
24
Q
two distinct capillary beds of the nephron
A
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillary bed
25
why does fluid filtration occur in the glomerulus? (2)
- afferent arterioles have high pressure and resistance, along with a larger diameter
- efferent arterioles draining glomerulus also have high resistance but a smaller diameter
26
net results of glomerular filtration
high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and small proteins out of the afferent arteriole/glomerulus into the glomerular capsule
27
what is the fluid that enters the glomerular capsule called?
filtrate
28
peritubular capillary bed
low pressure porous capillary network formed from efferent arteriole that leaves the glomerulus
29
juxtamedullary nephrons also have _____ _____ to help reabsorb fluids/ions
vasa recta
30
juxtaglomerular cells
in arteriole walls sense blood pressure
31
macula densa
area of specialized columnar chemoreceptors cells in distal convoluted tubule
32
juxtaglomerular apparatus (2)
| functions to.. is composed of...
functions to concentrate urine, composed of juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa
33
urine forms from three processes
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
34
urine formation: filtration
passive process in the glomerulus
35
urine formation: reabsorption (tubular)
filtrate components reabsorbed thru tubule wall and into peritubular capillaries
36
reabsorption (tubular) is/is not highly selective
IS; only things like glucose , amino acids, and some ions are reabsorbed
37
urine filtration: secretion
substances not filtered in the glomerulus (left in the blood) are secreted from peritubular capillaries and absorbed into tubules
38
the internal urethral sphincter is composed of...
smooth muscles
39
is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
40
external urethral sphincter is composed of...
skeletal muscles
41
is external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
42
urinary bladder
reservoir for urine until micturition
43
the urinary bladder contains _____ so it can stretch as it fills with urine
rugae
44
micturition
emptying of the bladder
45
urine characteristics: color
pale yellow/clear to amber
46
what is the yellow color of urine from?
urochrome pigment from hemoglobin destructions
47
urine characteristics: odor
depends on foods, drugs, etc.
48
what does someone with diabetes mellitus urine smell like?
fruity/acetone-like
49
urine characteristics: pH
4.5-8 depending on diet
50
specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.030; depends on solutes dissolved in urine
51
more solutes _____ the specific gravity of urine
increase
52
the concentration of urine is caused by...(3)
- fever
- limited fluid intake
- kidney inflammation
53
high specific gravity can cause....
kidney stones
54
pyelonephritis
kidney inflammation
55
renal calculi
kidney stones
56
majority of solutes found in urine in order of decreasing concentration: (7)
- urea
- sodium
- potassium
- phosphate
- sulfate ions
- creatinine
- uric acid
57
urea in urine comes from...
from breakdown of proteins
58
where does the creatinine in urine come from?
skeletal muscles
59
where does the uric acid in urine come from?
nucleic acid breakdown
60
abnormal components of urine: glucose
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- glycosuria
- diabetes mellitus
61
abnormal components of urine: albumin
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- albuminuria
- damage to glomerular membrane, toxins, hypertension, pregnancy, excessive protein intake
62
abnormal components of urine: ketone bodies
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- ketonuria
- low carb diet, starvation
63
abnormal components of urine: bile pigments
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- bilirubinuria
- liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
64
abnormal components of urine: white blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- pyuria
- urinary tract inflammation
65
abnormal components of urine: nitrites
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- bladder infection
- bladder infection
66
abnormal components of urine: red blood cells
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- hematuria
- urinary tract irritation by kidney stones, urinary tract infection
67
abnormal components of urine: hemoglobin
what condition? what disorder/cause?
- hemoglobinuria
- hemolytic anemia, poisonous snake bites, renal disease
68
_____ coupled with _____ is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus
ketonuria, glycosuria
69
how does the kidney filter waste products out of our blood?
through the activity of millions of nephrons
70
how does waste get filtered?
blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) forces fluid dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into Bowman's capsule
71
the _____ the pressure, the _____ the glomerular filtration rate
higher, higher
72
two major parts of the nephron
1. renal tubule (tubular component)
2. renal corpuscle (vascular component)
73
74
glomerulus
a tangles capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule
75
what is the function of the renal tubule?
process the filtered filtrate
76
the beginnings of the renal tubule is an enlarged end called...
Bowman's capsule
77
collectively, these two structures are called the renal corpuscle
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman's capsule
78
two arterioles associated with each glomerulus
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
79
the _____ feeds the glomerular capillary bed and the _____ arteriole drains it
afferent, efferent
80
the glomerular filtration rate can be altered by changing these two things...
- arteriole resistance
- arteriole hydrostatic pressure
81
glomerular filtration rate (2)
- an index of kidney function
- 80 to 140 ml.min
82
filtrate composition (3)
- devoid of cellular debris
- essentially protein free
- contains a concentration of salts and organic molecules similar to that in blood
83
three crucial processes of nephrons
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
84
starling forces (2)
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients
85
the unusually high _____ blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration
hydrostatic
86
as filtrate moves through the tubules of a nephron, solutes and water move...
from the tubule lumen into the interstitial spaces of the nephron
87
what hormone increases the water permeability of the collecting duct of nephrons?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
88
reabsorption
the movement of filtered solutes and water from the lumen of the renal tubules back into the plasma
89
what surrounds the renal tubule and reclaims the reabsorbed substances to return them to general circulation?
peritubular capillaries
90
how does the body ensure glucose is reabsorbed?
it has glucose carrier proteins in the proximal tubules cells of the nephron
91
where is glucose first absorbed?
the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells
92
how is glucose first absorbed in the nephrons?
secondary active transport
93
how does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?
facilitated diffusion
94
where does glucose leave the tubule cells of nephrons?
the basolateral membrane
95
what acts on the distal convoluted tubules cells in the nephron to promote the reabsorption of sodium from filtrate into the body and secretion of potassium from the body?
aldosterone
96
where is ADH manufactured? where is it stored?
the hypothalamus; the posterior pituitary gland
97
what are ADH levels influenced by? (2)
osmolality of body fluids and the volume/pressure of the cardiovascular system
98
explain the effect of afferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration
as radius increases, so does filtration rate
99
explain the effect of efferent arteriole radius on glomerular filtration
as radius decreases, filtration increases
100
how can you alter the glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
if the efferent or afferent arteriole radius is adjusted
101
according to the data, decreasing the radius of the afferent arteriole caused...
a decrease in both GCP and GFR
102
decreasing the efferent arteriole radius has what effect on GCP and GFR?
it caused an increase in GCP and GFR
103
what does sympathetic activation of the kidneys causes...(2)
- a decreased urine production y causing constriction of the afferent arteriole
- maintaining blood volume and pressure
104
how does the sympathetic nerves cause a decrease in urine?
by causing constriction causes less blood reaches the glomerulus and therefore less blood is filtered which leads to less urine production
105
explain the effect of pressure on glomerular filtration
as pressure increases, so does glomerular filtration
106
if there is an increase in blood pressure, then what happens to GCP and GFR
they will increase
107
during low blood pressure conditions, the body does what for filtration?
by dilating the afferent arteriole and constricting the efferent arteriole to maintain the GCP and GFR
108
what draws out water from the renal tubule?
the interstitial space solute gradient
109
an increase in the interstitial solute gradient will cause...
an increase in H2O reabsorption
110
diuretics cause...
an increase in urine production
111
how do diuretics work?
either inhibiting ADH secretion or by altering the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid
112
the addition of _____ and _____ to the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct with cause a decrease in urine volume
aldosterone, ADH
113
what happens in the presence of just aldosterone? (2)
urine volume decreases slightly and the concentration was not affected
114
what happens in the presence of just ADH? (2)
urine volume decreased significantly and urine concentration increased significantly
115
ethanol consumption causes an increase in...
urine production by inhibiting ADH producing more dilute urine
116
people suffering from hypertension may be given _____ _____ _____ (_____) inhibitors to increase urine production
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
117
What does ACE do?
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which activates aldosterone and ADH
118
Label A-C
A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum
119
Label D-F
D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter
120
Label G and H
G: urinary bladder
H: urethra
121
Label A-C
A: peritoneal cavity (organs removed)
B: peritoneum
C: renal vein
122
Label D-F
D: renal artery
E: kidney
F: renal fascia
123
Label G-I
G: anterior renal fascia
H: posterior renal fascia
I: fibrous capsule
124
Label A-C
A: adrenal gland
B: renal artery
C: renal hilum
125
Label D-F
D: renal vein
E: kidney
F: ureter
126
Label G and H
G: urinary bladder
H: urethra
127
Label A-C
A: renal hilum
B: renal cortex
C: renal medulla
128
Label D-F
D: Major calyx
E: papilla of pyramid
F: renal pelvis
129
Label G-I
G: minor calyx
H: ureter
I: renal pyramid in renal medulla
130
Label J-M
J: renal column
K: fibrous capsule
L: renal pelvis
M: ureter
131
Label A-C
A: cortical radiate vein
B: cortical radiate artery
C: arcuate vein
132
Label D-F
D: arcuate artery
E: interlobar vein
F: interlobar artery
133
Label G-I
G: segmental arteries
H: renal vein
I: renal artery
134
Label J and K
J: renal pelvis
K: ureter
135
Label A-D
A: cortical nephron
B: short nephron loop
C: glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction
D: efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
136
Label E-H
E: juxtamedullary nephron
F: long nephron loop
G: glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction
H: efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
137
Label I-K
I: renal corpuscle
J: glomerulus capillaries
K: glomerular capsule
138
Label L-N
L: efferent arteriole
M: proximal convoluted tubule
N: peritubular capillaries
139
Label O-Q
O: ascending limb of the loop of Henle
P: arcuate vein
Q: arcuate artery
140
Label R and S
R: nephron loop
S: descending limb of nephron loop
141
Label T-V
T: cortical radiate vein
U: cortical radiate artery
V: afferent arteriole
142
Label W-Z
W: collecting duct
X: distal convoluted tubule
Y: afferent arteriole
Z: efferent arteriole
143
Label 1 and 2
1: cortex-medulla junction
2: vasa recta
144
Label A-C
A: renal cortex
B: renal medulla
C: renal pelvis
145
Label D-G
D: ureter
E: renal corpuscle
F: glomerular capsule
G: glomerulus
146
Label H-K
H: distal convoluted tubule
I: proximal convoluted tubule
J: thick segment
K: thin segment
147
Label L-O
L: loop of Henle
M: descending limb
N: ascending limb
O: collecting duct
148
Label A-C
A: glomerular filtration
B: tubular reabsorption
C: tubular secretion
149
Label D-F
D: cortical radiate artery
E: afferent arteriole
F: glomerular capillaries
150
Label G-I
G: efferent arteriole
H: glomerular capsule
I: renal tubule containing filtrate
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Label J and K
J: peritubular capillary
K: to cortical radiate vein
152
Label A-C
A: ureter
B: rugae
C: detrusor
153
Label D-F
D: ureteric orifices
E: trigone of the bladder
F: bladder neck
154
Label G-I
G: internal urethral sphincter
H: prostate
I: prostatic urethra
155
Label J-L
J: intermediate part of the urethra
K: external urethral sphincter
L: urogenital diaphragm
156
Label M-O
M: spongy urethra
N: external urethral orifice
O: trigone
157
Label P and Q
P: urethra
Q: external urethral orifice
