Lesson 8 - Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
what do digestive organs do? (4)
A
ingest, digest, absorb food, and eliminate waste
2
Q
how is food physically broken down?
A
chewing - mastication
3
Q
how is food chemically broken down?
A
enzymatic hydrolysis
4
Q
two main groups in the digestive system
A
- alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract
- accessory digestive organs
5
Q
alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of…(6)
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
6
Q
accessory digestive organs consists of…(5)
A
- teeth
- salivary glands
- gallbladder
- liver
- pancreas
7
Q
the alimentary canal consists of _____ tunics or layers
A
four
8
Q
four tunics of the alimentary canal
A
- mucosa (mucous membrane)
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
9
Q
where is the mucosa of the digestive tract found?
A
it lines the canal lumen
10
Q
what functions does the mucosa perform? (5)
A
secretes: enzymes, mucus, hormones
absorbs: digestive foods
protects against bacteria
11
Q
components of the mucus membrane (3)
A
- surface epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae
12
Q
the lamina propria is composed of…
A
areolar connective tissue
13
Q
the muscularis mucosae is composed of…
A
smooth muscle (layers)
14
Q
what is the submucosa composed of?
A
dense connective tissue
15
Q
what structures can be found in the submucosa? (4)
A
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodules
- intrinsic nerve fibers
16
Q
submucosal plexus
A
intrinsic nerve fibers found in the submucosal layer of the digestive system
17
Q
muscularis externa
A
a major regulatory of GI motility
18
Q
the muscularis externa contains this nerve plexus
A
myenteric nerve plexus
19
Q
the two layers of the muscularis externa
A
- circular muscle
- longitudinal muscle
20
Q
serosa function
A
reduces friction
21
Q
intrinsic nerve plexuses (2)
A
- myenteric nerve plexus
- submucosal nerve plexus
22
Q
what is the outermost serosa layer in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
visceral peritoneum
23
Q
what is the visceral peritoneum replaced with outside the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
the adventitia
24
Q
what is the function of the adventitia?
A
used to anchor organs to the surrounding tissue
25
function of the mouth/oral cavity
breaks down food by mastication and chemical secretions from the salivary glands
26
what do the salivary glands secrete?
salivary amylase
27
pharynx
connects the oral cavity to the esophagus
28
the pharynx consists of...(2)
inner longitudinal muscles and outer circular constrictor layer
29
where is the nasopharynx?
behind the nasal cavity
30
where is the oropharynx?
behind the oral cavity
31
where is the laryngopharynx?
spanning the epiglottis to the larynx
32
esophagus
extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach
33
describe how the composition of the esophagus changes as you move towards the stomach.
consists of skeletal muscle at the superior end, and smooth muscles at the area closer to the stomach
34
gastroesophageal sphincter
controls food passage into the stomach from the esophagus
35
what is the site of food breakdown?
the stomach
36
gastric glands are composed of what cell type?
parietal and chief cells
37
what do parietal cells secrete?
HCL (hydrochloric acid)
38
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
39
pepsinogen
a hydrolytic enzyme
40
three muscular layers of the stomach
1. longitudinal
2. circular
3. oblique
muscles
41
three things gastric glands secrete
- HCL
- pepsinogen
- mucus
42
why do gastric glands secrete mucus?
to protect the stomach from the HCl
43
four regions of the stomach
- cardiac region
- fundus
- body
- pyloric region
44
stomach: cardiac region
where food enters the stomach
45
stomach: fundus
superolateral to cardiac region
46
stomach: body
mid portion of the stomach
47
stomach: pyloric region
regulates food entry into the small intestine with the pyloric sphincter
48
what region of the stomach has the most digestion?
the pyloric region
49
where does the small intestine span? (2)
from the PYLORIC SPHINCTER to the ILEOCECAL VALVE
50
what is the small intestine anchored by?
mesentery
51
mesentery
double layered peritoneum
52
what are the aggregated lymphoid nodules within the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
53
three subdivisions of the small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
54
small intestine: duodenum (2)
- extends from the pyloric sphincter to jejunum
- located around the head region of the pancreas
55
small intestine: jejunum
in the umbilical region, joins the duodenum to the ileum
56
small intestine: ileum
terminal portion, joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
57
the small intestine contains enzymes from these three locations
- columnar epithelial cells
- pancreas
- liver
58
columnar epithelial cells secrete...
brush border hydrolytic enzymes
59
what do the brush border hydrolytic enzymes of the small intestine do?
completes digestion of materials in the small intestine
60
the pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine via the _____ _____
pancreatic duct
61
pancreatic duct
transports enzymes into the duodenum
62
the liver secretes enzymes into the small intestine via the _____ _____
bile duct
63
bile duct
transports bile from the liver to the duodenum
64
nearly all nutrient absorptions occurs where?
the small intestine
65
structural features of the small intestine to enhance absorption (3)
- plicae circulares
- villi
- microvilli
66
small intestine: plicae circulares
deep folds in the mucosa and submucosa that help mix chyme
67
small intestine: villi
fingerlike projections of mucosa tunic
68
small intestine: microvilli
minute projections of the plasma membrane of columnar epithelial cells of the cells of mucosa
69
where does the large intestine span? (2)
from the ileocecal valve to the anus
70
teniae coli
three longitudinal muscle bands of the large intestine
71
what does the teniae coli cause in the large intestine?
pocket formations or haustra in the lumen
72
what is the major function of the large intestine?
to propel waste to the anus
73
the large intestine reabsorbs _____
water
74
the large intestine produces vitamins _____ and ____
B and K, from bacteria
75
subdivisions of the large intestine (5)
- cecum
- vermiform appendix
- colon
- rectum
- anal canal
76
four subdivisions of the colon
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
- sigmoid
77
large intestine: cecum
connects to the ileum of the small intestine
78
large intestine: vermiform appendix
connects to the cecum, vestigial organ
79
large intestine: colon
connects the cecum to the rectum
80
large intestine: rectum
connects colon to the anal canal
81
large intestine: anal canal
has internal smooth muscle sphincter and external skeletal muscle sphincter
82
the bulk of teeth is composed of _____
dentin - bonelike material
83
what are teeth used for?
breaking up of food
84
two regions of the tooth
- crown
- root
85
tooth: crown
superior portion of the tooth
86
what is the crown of teeth covered by?
enamel
87
clinical crown
portion of the crown visible above the gums/gingiva
88
tooth: root
outer surface attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament to hold the tooth in place
89
cementum
the outer surface of the tooth underneath the gingiva
90
salivary glands produce saliva containing _____ and _____ _____
mucin and salivary amylase
91
what do mucin and salivary amylase do?
break down starch/polysaccharides into disaccharides
92
three major salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
93
salivary glands: parotid (2)
located anterior to the ear and ducts into the mouth via the parotid duct
94
salivary glands: submandibular
located along the medial mandibular body, ducting under the tongue
95
lingual frenulum
a fold of mucus membrane that's located under the center portion of your tongue, helps anchor it to your mouth
96
salivary glands: sublingual
located anterior on the floor of the mouth, ducting under the tongue
97
the largest gland in the body is the...
liver
98
where is the liver located?
inferior to the diaphragm
99
what holds the liver in place?
falciform ligaments
100
what does bile do?
emulsifies and breaks up fats
101
bile leaves the liver through the _____ _____ _____
common hepatic duct
102
bile enters the duodenum through the...
bile duct
103
the functional unit of the liver is called a _____
lobule
104
each lobule contains... (3)
- hepatocytes
- Kupffer cells
- portal triads
105
hepatocytes (2)
removes O2 and nutrients, also produces bile
106
Kupffer cells
removes debris or bacteria
107
a portal triad consists of (3)
- portal arteriole
- portal venule
- bile duct
108
portal triad: portal arteriole
branch of the hepatic artery and provides blood to the liver
109
portal triad: portal venule
branch of the hepatic vein that carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system
110
portal triad: bile duct
carries bile away from the liver
111
blood is carried away from the liver on this path...(3)
central vein of lobule, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava
112
where is the gallbladder located?
inferior surface of the liver
113
what is the function of the gallbaldder?
it stores bile until needed
114
bile from the liver is transported through the _____ _____ to the gallbladder for storage
cystic duct
115
where is the pancreas located?
across the posterior abdomen
116
what does the pancreas produce?
digestive hydrolytic enzyme
117
what is the purpose of the digestive hydrolytic enzyme?
it is high in bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme so the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes can work
118
the pancreas releases its contents through the _____ _____
pancreatic duct
119
Label A-C
A: oral cavity (mouth)
B: esophagus
C: liver
120
Label D-F
D: small intestine
E: duodenum
F: jejunum
121
Label G-I
G: ileum
H: anus
I: pharynx
122
Label J-L
J: stomach
K: large intestine
L: transverse colon
123
Label M-O
M: descending colon
N: ascending colon
O: cecum
124
Label P-S
P: sigmoid colon
Q: rectum
R: appendix
S: anal canal
125
Label A-C
A: liver
B: gallbladder
C: pancreas
126
Label D-G
D: salivary glands
E: parotid gland
F: sublingual glands
G: submandibular gland
127
Label the figure.
A: mucosa
B: epithelium
C: lamina propria
D: muscularis mucosae
128
Label the figure.
A: glands in submucosa
B: submucosa
129
Label A-C
A: intrinsic nerve plexus
B: myenteric nerve plexus
C: submucosal nerve plexus
130
Label D-F
D: muscularis externa
E: longitudinal muscle
F: circular muscle
131
Label the figure.
A: mesentery
B: serosa
C: epithelium (mesothelium)
D: connective tissue
132
Label A-C
A: gastric glands
B: muscularis mucosae
C: mucosa
133
Label D-F
D: submucosa
E: oblique layer
F: circular layer
134
Label G and H
G: longitudinal layer
H: muscularis externa
135
Label A-C
A: hard palate
B: soft palate
C: oral cavity
136
Label D-F
D: uvula
E: oropharynx
F: epiglottis
137
Label G-J
G: laryngopharynx
H: esophagus
I: trachea
J: tongue
138
Label A-C
A: cardial part
B: esophagus
C: longitudinal layer
139
Label D-F
D: circular layer
E: oblique layer
F: lesser curvature
140
Label G, K and L
G: muscularis externa
K: duodenum
L: pyloric sphincter
141
Label M-O
M: fundus
N: serosa
O: body
142
Label P-R
P: lumen
Q: rugae of mucosa
R: greater curvature
143
Label A-C
A: fundus
B: body
C: rugae of mucosa
144
Label D and E
D: pyloric sphincter
E: pyloric antrum
145
Label the figure.
A: rugae
B: gastric pit
146
Label A-C
A: gastric pits
B: gastric pit
C: gastric gland
147
Label D and E
D: parietal cell
E: chief cells
148
Label the figure.
A: simple columnar epithelium
B: lamina propria
C: gastric pit
D: gastric glands
149
Label A-C
A; liver
B: lesser omentum
C: pancreas
150
Label D-F
D: stomach
E: duodenum
F: transverse mesocolon
151
Label G-I
G: transverse colon
H: mesentery
I: greater omentum
152
Label J-L
J: jejunum
K: ileum
L: visceral peritoneum
153
Label M-O
M: parietal peritoneum
N: urinary bladder
O: rectum
154
Label the figure.
A: small intestine
B: spread mesentery
155
Label A-C
A: muscular layers
B; circular folds
C: villi
156
Label D and E
D: vein carrying blood to the hepatic portal vessel
E: lumen
157
Label A-C
A: absorptive cells
B: lacteal
C: goblet cells
158
Label D-F
D: blood capillaries
E: intestinal crypt
F: muscularis mucosae
159
Label G-I
G: duodenal gland
H: villus
I: enteroendocrine cells
160
Label J-L
J: venule
K: lymphatic vessel
L: submucosa
161
Label the figure.
microvilli (brush border)
162
Label the figure.
villus
163
Label A-C
A: transverse colon
B: superior mesenteric artery
C: haustrum
164
Label D-F
D: ascending colon
E: ileum
F: ileocecal valve
165
Label G-I
G: cecum
H: appendix
I: descending colon
166
Label J-L
J: cut edge of mesentery
K: teniae coli
L: signmoid colon
167
Label M-O
M: rectum
N: anal canal
O: external anal sphincter
168
Label A-C
A: crown
B: neck
C: root
169
Label D-F
D: enamel
E: dentin
F: pulp cavity (with blood vessels and nerves)
170
Label G-J
G: gingiva
H: cementum
I: root canal
J: periodontal ligament
171
Label A-C
A: falciform ligament
B: liver
C: gallbladder
172
Label D-G
D: spleen
E: small intestine
F: small intestine
G: cecum
173
Label A-C
A: falciform ligament
B: liver
C: gallbladder
174
Label D-F
D: stomach
E: duodenum
F: transverse colon
175
Label G-I
G: small intestine
H: cecum
I: urinary bladder
176
Label the figure.
A: falciform ligament
B: right lobe of the liver
C: gallbladder
D: left lobe of the liver
177
Label A-C
A: left lobe of the liver
B: hepatic vein
C: gallbladder
178
Label D and E
D: bile duct
E: right lobe of the liver
179
Label A-C
A: lobule
B: central vein
C: connective tissue septum
180
Label D-F
D: interlobular veins
E: sinusoids
F: central vein
181
Label G-I
G: bile canaliculi
H: bile duct (receives bile from bile canaliculi)
I: portal triad
182
Label J-M
J: bile duct
K: portal venule
L: portal arteriole
M: portal vein
183
Label A-C
A: right and left hepatic ducts of the liver
B: cystic duct
C: common hepatic duct
184
Label D-F
D: bile duct and sphincter
E: accessory pancreatic duct
F: gallbladder
185
Label G-J
G: duodenum
H: main pancreatic duct and sphincter
I: jejunum
J: pancreas
