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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 7 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Lesson 7 - Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

(161 cards)

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1
Q

the lymphatic system is composed of…(4)

A

lymphatic organs, tissues, nodes, and vessels

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2
Q

some lymphatic organs (3)

A

tonsils, thymus, and spleen

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3
Q

the lymphatic system functions to…(3)

A
  • transport tissue fluid (lymph) to blood vessels and back into the circulatory system
  • protect the body by removing foreign material like bacteria from the lymphatic stream
  • acting as a site for lymphocyte multiplication
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4
Q

where are the tonsils located?

A

the pharyngeal region

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5
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

the thorax

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6
Q

when is the thymus most active?

A

during youth

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7
Q

where is the spleen?

A

curves around the left side of the stomach

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8
Q

where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

in the intestine

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9
Q

where is the appendix?

A

the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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10
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

they collect fluid (H2O and other proteins) that is not collected and transported through venules

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11
Q

collection/transport of lymph (6)

A

lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> right lymphatic duct/thoracic duct -> brachiocephalic vein

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12
Q

right lymphatic duct drains…(2)

A

lymph from the upper body in some people, in others it drains into veins of the neck

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13
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph from…

A

pretty much everywhere except for where the right lymphatic duct drains

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14
Q

lymph vessels contain ___ tunics

A

three

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15
Q

what do lymph vessels have to prevent backflow?

A

one way valves

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16
Q

how is lymph moved through vessels?

A

flow of lymph caused by ‘squeezing’ of vessels by surrounding skeletal muscle contractions

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17
Q

two portions of lymph nodes

A
  • medulla
  • cortex
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18
Q

where are large lymph nodes located? (3)

A
  • inguinal
  • axillary
  • cervical
    regions
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19
Q

what are lymph nodes usually embedded in?

A

connective tissues

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20
Q

lymph nodes: cortex (2)

A
  • inner cortex of T cells
  • outer germinal center of B cells
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21
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

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22
Q

T cells (2)

A
  • provide cellular immunity
  • interact w/ foreign proteins and become activated to destroy foreign cells
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23
Q

lymph nodes: medulla

A

medullary cord contains mostly macrophages that destroy foreign matter that arrives in the fluid

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24
Q

five major classes of antibodies

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgD
  4. IgA
  5. IgE
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25
antibodies/immunoglobulins (2)
classified as gamma globulin plasma proteins; produced by sensitized B cells
26
sensitized B cells
B cells that have already been introduced to the antigen in question
27
immunoglobulin structure (2)
- light chains - heavy chains
28
Ig heavy chains
larger than light chains, and also contain variable and constant regions
29
Ig light chains
contain a variable region for responses to antigens and a constant region
30
where is the antigen binding site?
the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains combined
31
what does binding of an antibody do?
immobilizes the antigen for phagocytosis or lysis
32
major role of the respiratory system
supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2
33
respiration has four distinct processes
- pulmonary ventilation - external respiration - transportation of respiratory gases - internal respiration
34
what two respiration processes are exclusive to the respiratory system?
- pulmonary ventilation - external respiration
35
pulmonary ventilation
air movement into/out of the lungs
36
external respiration
gas exchange in the lungs
37
transportation of respiratory gasses
transport of gasses to/from the lungs and the cardiovascular system
38
internal respiration
gas exchange in the tissues
39
upper respiratory system I (5)
- nose - pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
40
nose
air enters through external nares (nostrils)
41
pharynx
receives air from the nasal/oral cavities, and connects the cavity with larynx
42
three components of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx
43
nasopharynx
posterior nasal cavity for air only
44
oropharynx
posterior oral cavity for air and food intake
45
laryngopharynx
posterior to the epiglottis at the juncture of the respiratory and digestive systems, for air and food intake
46
larynx
consists of 9 cartilages, composed of hyaline (except for the epiglottis, which is elastic cartilage)
47
the larynx has two parts
the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
48
larynx: thyroid cartilage
laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) is located here
49
larynx: cricoid cartilage
inferior to the thyroid cartilage
50
the mucous membrane of the larynx consists of (2)
- vestibular folds - vocal folds
51
mucous membrane of the larynx: vestibular folds
upper folds that form the false vocal cords
52
mucous membrane of the larynx: vocal folds
lower folds that form the true vocal cords used for producing sounds and speech
53
trachea
leads air from the larynx
54
what is the trachea lined with?
mucous-secreting ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
55
what does the lining of the trachea do?
moved dust, bacteria, and debris away from the throat and lungs
56
main (primary) bronchi
left and right branches serving the lungs
57
what do the primary bronchi divide into? (3)
smaller lobar (secondary) and then to segmental (tertiary) bronchi and finally to bronchioles
58
bronchioles are reinforced by...(2)
smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
59
the smallest branches of the bronchioles have no...?
hyaline cartilage
60
respiratory (terminal) bronchioles | are the beginning of...
beginning of the respiratory zone structures
61
respiratory (terminal) bronchioles branch into...
alveolar ducts
62
alveolar ducts contain many _____
alveoli
63
alveoli | are composed of...
composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
64
where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
alveoli
65
what is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)
- alveolar squamous epithelium - basal lamina - capillary wall
66
what creates the air-blood barrier? (3)
- alveolar squamous epithelium - basal lamina - capillary wall
67
the lungs are composed mostly of...
elastic connective tissue
68
where are the lungs positioned in the body?
the thoracic cavity
69
where is the apex of the lungs?
beneath the clavicles
70
where is the base of the lungs?
resting on the diaphragm
71
each lung is enclosed in...
pleura
72
pleura
double-layered serous membrane
73
pleura membranes are separated by a _____ _____
pleural cavity
74
the layers of the pleura produce what? where? and for what purpose?
- serous fluid - in the pleural cavity - to lubricate and hold the layers together
75
parietal pleura | what is it, and where it is attached?
outer layer - attached to the thoracic walls and diaphragm
76
visceral pleura
inner layer - covers the lung tissue
77
the left lung has _____ lobes
two
78
the right lung has _____ lobes
three
79
two phases of pulmonary ventilation
1. inspiration 2. expiration
80
during inspiration, external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm _____
contract
81
during normal expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles _____
relax
82
what does the contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm do?
increases the volume inside the thoracic cavity since the lungs adhere to the inner walls, causing an expansion and in drawing in of air
83
what does the relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm do?
causes the thoracic cavity volume to decrease, 'pushing' out air
84
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of hair that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation (~1200ml)
85
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal volume inhalation (~3100ml)
86
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inhaled/exhaled under resting conditions (~500)
87
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation (~1200)
88
vital capacity (VC)
max amount of hair that can be exhaled after max inspiration
89
VC equation
TV + IRV + ERV
90
total lung capacity (TLC) equation
vital capacity + residual volume
91
Label A-C
A: tonsils B: thymus C: spleen
92
Label D and E
D: Peyer's patches E: appendix
93
Label A-C
A: venous system B: arterial system C: lymphatic system
94
Label D-G
D: lymph duct E: lymph trunk F: lymph node G: lymphatic collecting vessels (with valves)
95
Label H and I
H: blood capillaries I: lymphatic capillaries
96
Label the figure.
A: blood capillaries B: lymphatic capillaries
97
Label A-D
A; regional lymph nodes B: cervical nodes C: axillary nodes D: inguinal nodes
98
Label E and F
E: entrance of right lymphatic duct into vein F: entrance of thoracic duct into vein
99
Label G-I
G: thoracic duct H: aorta I: collecting lymphatic vessels
100
Label A-C
A: internal jugular veins B: right jugular trunk C: right lymphatic duct
101
Label D-F
D: right subclavian trunk E: right subclavian vein F: brachiocephalic veins
102
Label G-I
G: superior vena cava H: azygos vein I: esophagus
103
Label J-L
J: trachea K: left jugular trunk L: left subclavian trunk
104
Label M-P
M: left subclavian vein N: entrance of thoracic duct into vein O: thoracic duct P: hemiazygos vein
105
Label A-C
A: cortex B: lymphoid follicle C: germinal center
106
Label D-F
D: afferent lymphatic vessels E: efferent lymphatic vessels F: hilum
107
Label G-I
G: medulla H: medullary cord I: medullary sinus
108
Label J and K
J: trabeculae K: capsule
109
Label A-C
A: trabecula B: capsule C: follicles
110
Label D and E
D: medullary sinuses E: medullary cords
111
Label A-D
A: heavy chain variable region B: heavy chain constant region C: light chain variable region D: light chain constant region
112
Label E-G
E: antigen-binding site F: heavy chain G: light chain
113
Label H-J
H: hinge region I: stem region J: antigen-binding site
114
Label K-N
K: part of the Vh L: antigen M: antigenic determinant N: part of VL
115
Label A-C
A: olfactory epithelium B: nasopharynx C: pharyngotympanic tube
116
Label D-F
D: olfactory nerves E: inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus F: hard palate
117
Label G and H
G: soft palate H: uvula
118
Label A-C
A: nasopharynx B: posterior nasal aperture C: pharyngeal tonsil
119
Label D-F
D: opening of pharyngotympanic tube E: uvula F: oropharynx
120
Label G-I
G: laryngopharynx H: esophagus I: trachea
121
Label J-L
J: nasal cavity K: nostril L: hard palate
122
Label M and N
M: soft palate N: tongue
123
Label the figure.
A: pharynx B: nasopharynx C: oropharynx D: laryngopharynx
124
Label A-C
A: laryngopharynx B: esophagus C: trachea
125
Label D-F
D: Larynx E: epiglottis F: vestibular fold
126
Label G-J
G: thyroid cartilage H: vocal fold I: cricoid cartilage J: thyroid gland
127
Label A-C
A: body of hyoid bone B: thyroid cartilage C: laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)
128
Label D-F
D: cricothyroid ligament E: cricotracheal ligament F: epiglottis
129
Label G-I
G: thyrohyoid membrane H: cricoid cartilage I: tracheal cartilages
130
Label A-C
A: epiglottis B: thyrohyoid C: cricoid cartilage
131
Label D-F
D: tracheal cartilages E: vestibular fold (false vocal cord) F: thyroid cartilage
132
Label G-I
G: vocal fold (true vocal cord) H: cricothyroid ligament I: cricotracheal ligament
133
Label A-C
A: left superior lobe B: left inferior lobe C: apex of lung
134
Label D-F
D; pulmonary artery E: left main bronchus F: pulmonary vein
135
Label A-C
A: superior lobe of right lung B: middle lobe of right lung C: inferior lobe of right lung
136
Label D-F
D: trachea E: superior lobe of left lung F: left main (primary) bronchus
137
Label G-I
G: lobar (secondary) bronchus H: segmental (tertiary) I: inferior lobe of the left lung
138
Label the figure.
pseudostratified epithelium
139
Label A-C
A: respiratory bronchiole B: alveolar duct C: alveoli
140
Label D and E
D: alveolar sac E: alveolar pores
141
Label A-C
A: terminal bronchiole B: respiratory bronchioles C: alveolar duct
142
Label D and E
D: alveoli E: alveolar sac
143
Label A-C
A: alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) B: in capillary C: type II alveolar cell
144
Label D-F
D: type I alveolar cell E: respiratory membrane F: capillary
145
Label G-I
G: alveolar pores H: nucleus of type I alveolar cells I: alveolar epithelium
146
Label J and K
J: fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium K: capillary endothelium
147
Label A-C
A: trachea B: thymus C: apex of lung
148
Label D-F
D: right superior lobe E: right middle lobe F: right inferior lobe
149
Label G-I
G: heart H: diaphragm I: base of lung
150
Label J-L
J: left superior lobe K: left inferior lobe L: cardiac notch
151
Label M-P
M: intercostal muscle N: parietal pleura O: pleural cavity P: visceral pleura
152
Label A-C
A: right lung B: parietal pleura C: visceral pleura
153
Label D-F
D: pleural cavity E: pericardial membranes F: sternum
154
Label G-I
G: esophagus (in mediastinum) H: root of lung at hilum I: left main bronchus
155
Label J-L
J: left pulmonary artery K: left pulmonary vein L: left lung
156
Label M-P
M: thoracic wall N: pulmonary trunk O: heart (mediastinum) P: anterior mediastinum
157
Label A-C
A: inspiration B: expiration C: diaphragm
158
Label D-F
D: trachea E: lung F: diaphragm
159
Label A-C
A: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) B: tidal volume (TV) C: expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
160
Label D-F
D: residual volume (RV) E: inspiratory capacity (IC) F: functional residual capacity (FRC)
161
Label G and H
G: vital capacity (VC) H: total lung capacity (TLC)

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