Lesson 10 - Reproductive Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
major female gonad
A
ovaries
2
Q
major male gonad
A
testes
3
Q
what do the gonads produce? (2)
A
sex cells and hormones
4
Q
what do male gonads produce? (2)
A
sperm and testosterone
5
Q
what do the female gonads produce? (3)
A
ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone
6
Q
the penis is composed of…(2)
A
three cylinders of erectile tissue
- two dorsal
- one ventral
7
Q
corpora cavernosa
A
the dorsal cylinders of the penis
8
Q
corpus spongiosum
A
the ventral cylinder of the penis
9
Q
glans penis
A
the tip of the penis
10
Q
what is the glans penis covered by?
A
prepuce/foreskin
11
Q
what contains the testes?
A
scrotum
12
Q
what is the scrotum for?
A
to regulate temperature to optimize sperm production (94ºF)
13
Q
duct system
A
accessory structures that form the ducts that carries sperm from the testes to the external environment
14
Q
epididymis
A
site where immature sperm cells complete the maturation process
15
Q
where is the epididymis located?
A
located on the superior and posterolateral area of the testes
16
Q
ductus deferens/vas deferens (sperm duct)
A
connects the epididymis to ejaculatory duct at the ampulla
17
Q
what encloses the vas deferens along with blood vessels and nerves?
A
a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord
18
Q
ejaculatory duct
A
propels sperm through the prostate gland to the urethra during ejaculation
19
Q
urethra (male)
A
common path of both the urinary and reproductive system
20
Q
three parts of the male urethra
A
- prostatic
- intermediate (membranous)
- spongy
21
Q
male accessory gonadal glands (3)
A
- prostate gland
- seminal glands/vesicles
- bulbourethral glands
22
Q
prostate gland
A
encircles and secretes milky fluid into urethra to activate sperm
23
Q
where is the prostate gland located?
A
inferior to the bladder
24
Q
seminal glands/vesicles (2)
A
- joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
- produces alkaline secretion containing fructose and other nutrients which supplies energy to sperm/promotes fertilization
25
what makes up 60% of seminal fluid?
alkaline secretions from the seminal glands
26
bulbourethral glands
produces, thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra
27
where are the seminal vesicles located?
posterior to the bladder
28
where are the bulbourethral glands located?
inferior to the prostate
29
what is the purpose of the mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands?
washes out urine during ejaculation of semen
30
semen
sperm and seminal fluid
31
testes
gonads that produce sperm and testosterone
32
the exterior of the testes are covered by _____ _____
tunica albuginea
33
the tunica albuginea is what kind of tissue?
dense connective tissue
34
the tunica albuginea extends into the testes to...
form septa that divide the testis into lobules
35
lobules of the testis contain (2)
- seminiferous tubules
- rete testis
36
what is the site of sperm production?
seminiferous tubules
37
_____ cells between testis tubules produce _____
interstitial, testosterone
38
what carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis?
rete testis
39
the external reproductive structures of a female include (2)
external genitalia (vulva) and the mammary glands
40
the vulva includes (3)
- mon pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
41
mons pubis
overlies the pubic symphysis
42
labia majora is homologous to what in males?
the scrotum
43
the labia minora enclose the _____ region containing...(3)
vestibule
1. clitoris
2. urethral orifice
3. vaginal orifice
44
the clitoris is homologous to what in males?
the penis
45
what is the clitoris covered by?
prepuce of the clitoris
46
urethral orifice (female)
part of the urinary system, is seperate from the reproductive system
47
vaginal orifice
external opening that leads into the internal reproductive structures
48
the vaginal orifice also contains these two things
1. hymen
2. greater vestibular glands
49
hymen
thin fold of mucous membrane that closes the vaginal opening
50
greater vestibular glands
flanks the vaginal opening and produces lubricants during coitus
51
the broad ligaments of the female reproductive system (3)
- mesometrium
- mesosalpinx
- mesovarium
52
the mesometrium secures the....
uterus
53
the mesosalpinx secures the...
uterine tubes
54
the mesovarium anchors the...
ovaries posteriorly
55
the round ligaments secures...
the uterus to the labia majora
56
the uterosacral ligament secures....
the inferior uterus to the sacrum
57
the ovarian ligament anchors..
the ovaries to the uterus
58
the ovarian ligament is supported by the _____ ligaments
suspensory
59
the suspensory ligaments anchor...
the ovaries laterally
60
female reproductive organs located in the pelvic region (2)
- vagina
- uterus
61
vagina
birth canal connecting the vestibule to the uterus
62
where is the uterus located?
between the bladder and rectum
63
three layers of the uterine wall
- endometrium
- myometrium
- serosa
64
three layers of the uterine wall: endometrium (2)
internal layer composed of (1) a functional layer (2) that is formed by the basal layer
65
what is the usual site of egg implantation?
the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
66
the functional layer of the endometrium is also called
stratum functionalis
67
the basal layer of the endometrium is also called
stratum basalis
68
myometrium
muscular, median layer of the uterus
69
serosa
the protective outer layer of the uterus
70
where are the uterine/fallopian tubes located?
superolateral region of the uterus extending towards the ovaries
71
what is the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the ovaries?
the fimbriae
72
fimbriae
finger like projections reaching out from the fallopian tubes to the ovaries
73
what portion of the uterine tubes is the widest, and longest?
the ampulla
74
what portion of the uterine tubes is located medially and is narrow with a thick wall?
the isthmus
75
what is the usual site of fertilization of an egg by sperm?
the uterine tube
76
what is the site of female gamete development?
ovaries
77
what is the site of estrogen projection?
ovaries
78
where are the mammary glands located?
anterior to the pectoral muscles
79
when does mammary gland growth start?
puberty
80
what is mammary gland growth triggered by?
production of estrogen
81
external features of the mammary glands (2)
- areola
- nipple
82
areola
pigmented area surrounding the nipple
83
nipple
site of milk release in lactation
84
internal functional units of the mammary glands are called _____
lobules
85
what kind of tissue are lobules composed of? (2)
connective and fatty tissue
86
alveoli in the mammary glands do what?
produce milk
87
milk produced in the alveoli passes through the _____ _____ an is stored in the _____ _____
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
88
where does meiosis occur?
the gonads
89
sex cells are haploid meaning...
they are n, and contain half the normal number of chromosomes
90
meiosis consists of _____ nuclear divisions, and it/they are called...
two; meiosis I and meiosis II
91
meiosis yields _____ daughter cells
four
92
in meiosis I, chromosomes undergo what kind of replication?
semi-conservative
93
when does replication of chromosomes occur?
interphase (before meiosis)
94
in meiosis I, the process of synapsis occurs meaning...
homologous chromosomes line up side to side to form tetrads (crossing over occurs)
95
chiasmata
points of crossing over during meiosis I
96
after crossing over, the _____ move to opposite ends of the cell during anaphase
dyads
97
genetic material does/does not replicate in meiosis II
does not
98
spermatogenesis
formation of sperm
99
Describe the process of spermatogenesis (5)
(1) During puberty, the spermatogonia (plural) undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2n)
(2) primary spermatocytes undergo a growth phase before undergoing meiosis I
(3) the primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I and form two secondary spermatocytes (now n)
(4) the secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form four spermatids
(5) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form four functional sperm
100
spermiogenesis
the last stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids mature into functional sperm
101
the production of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia is under the control of what hormone?
follicle stimulating hormone
102
oogenesis
production of eggs cells in fetal females
103
oogenesis is under the influence of what hormones?
gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
104
oogonia (2)
(1) undergoes thousands of mitotic divisions in fetal development and (2) become encapsulated by cells to form the primordial follicles of the ovaries
105
primary oocytes
by birth, encapsulated oogonia grows into primary oocyte which is arrest at prophase of meiosis I
106
at puberty in women, oogenesis is under the influence of what hormone?
follicle stimulating hormone
107
what is formed as the follicle grows around a primary oocyte?
the primary follicle
108
the secondary follicle
the primary oocyte maturing
109
what does the secondary follicle produce? what does it do?
estrogen produced is feedback to stop the release of gonadotropin by the anterior pituitary
110
in the vesicular (antral) follicle, what occurs?
the primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing the secondary oocyte and the first polar body
111
a mature vesicular follicle releases...
a secondary oocyte enclosed in the corona radiata
112
the corona radiata
a casing around the secondary oocyte after being released from the vesicular follicle
113
the corona radiata is composed of what type of cell?
granulosa cells
114
when the anterior pituitary suddenly increases luteinizing hormone, what happens to the ruptures vesicular follicle?
it turns into the corpus luteum and produces progesterone and estrogen
115
what happens to the corpus luteum if luteinizing hormone levels drop?
it degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue called the corpus albicans
116
what happens upon fertilization of the secondary oocyte? (2)
- meiosis II proceeds
- the ovum (2n) and second polar body are produced
117
the menstrual cycle occurs how many days after ovulation?
14 days
118
three phases of the menstrual cycle
1. menstrual (menses)
2. proliferative
3. secretory
119
menstrual cycle: menses phase
day 1-5 where the functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs
120
menstrual cycle: proliferative phase
days 6-14 where estrogen from the growing follicle causes endometrium repair, glands and blood vessels proliferate, and the endometrium thickens again
121
menstrual cycle: secretory phase
days 15-28 where the corpus luteum progesterone causes and increase in glands and vascular supply in the endometrium
122
in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, is an embryo is present, what occurs?
the embryo will produce luteinizing hormone to maintain the corpus luteum
123
Label A-C
A: corpus cavernosum
B: corpus spongiosum
C: glans penis
124
Label D-G
D: prepuce (foreskin)
E: external urethral orifice
F: testis
G: scrotum
125
Label A-C
A: ampulla of the ductus deferens
B: ejaculatory duct
C: ductus (vas) deferens
126
Label D-G
D: prostatic urethra
E: intermediate (membranous) urethra
F: spongy urethra
G: epididymis
127
Label the figure.
A: seminal gland (vesicle)
B: prostate
C: bulbourethral gland
128
Label the figure.
A: spermatic cord
B: epididymis
C: testis
129
Label the figure.
A: interstitial endocrine cells
B: seminiferous tubule
130
Label A-C
A: spermatic cord
B: seminiferous tubule
C: lobule
131
Label D-F
D: septum
E: tunica albuginea
F: ductus (vas) deferens
132
Label G-J
G: head of epididymis
H: rete testis
I: body of epididymis
J: tail of epididymis
133
Label A-C
A: ureter
B: ampulla of ductus deferens
C: seminal gland
134
Label D-F
D: ejaculatory duct
E: bulbourethral gland and duct
F: urogenital diaphragm
135
Label G-I
G: ductus deferens
H: corpora cavernosa
I: epididymis
136
Label J-L
J: corpus spongiosum
K: testis
L: spongy urethra
137
Label M-O
M: prepuce (foreskin)
N: external urethral orifice
O: corpora cavernosa
138
Label P-R
P: urethra
Q: tunica albuginea of erectile bodies
R: corpus spongiosum
139
Label S-U
S: prostatic urethra
T: urinary bladder
U: prostate
140
Label V-Y
V: intermediate (membranous) urethra
W: root of penis
X: body (shaft) of penis
Y: glans penis
141
Label A-C
A: mons pubis
B: prepuce of clitoris
C: clitoris (glans)
142
Label D-F
D: vestibule
E: anus
F: labia majora
143
Label G-I
G: labia minora
H: external urethral orifice
I: hymen
144
Label J and K
J: vaginal orifice
K: opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland
145
Label A-C
A: vagina
B: greater vestibular gland
C: pubic symphysis
146
Label D-F
D: mons pubis
E: urethra
F: clitoris
147
Label G-J
G: external urethral orifice
H: hymen
I: labium minus
J: labium majus
148
Label A-C
A: uterosacral ligament
B: vagina
C: suspensory ligament of ovary
149
Label D-G
D: infundibulum
E: ovary
F: uterus
G: round ligament
150
Label A-D
A: broad ligaments
B: mesosalpinx
C: mesovarium
D: mesometrium
151
Label E-G
E: suspensory ligament of ovary
F: uterine (fallopian) tube
G: ovary
152
Label H-K
H: round ligament of uterus
I: vagina
J: uterosacral ligament
K: ovarian ligament
153
Label the figure.
A: endometrium
B: myometrium
C: serosa
154
Label A-C
A: perimetrium
B: cervix
C: suspensory ligament of ovary
155
Label D-F
D: infundibulum
E: ovarian tube
F: ovary
156
Label G and H
G: fimbriae
H: uterus
157
Label A-C
A: uterine (fallopian) tubes
B: ovary
C: fundus of uterus
158
Label D-F
D: lumen of uterus
E: uterine tube
F: ampulla
159
Label G-I
G: isthmus
H: infundibulum
I: fimbriae
160
Label J-L
J: wall of uterus
K: endometrium
L: myometrium
161
Label M-P
M: perimetrium
N: cervical canal
O: cervix
P: body of uterus
162
Label A-C
A: pectoralis major muscle
B: adipose tissue
C: lobe of mammary gland
163
Label D-F
D: areola
E: nipple
F: opening of lactiferous duct
164
Label G-I
G: lactiferous sinus
H: lactiferous duct
I: lobule containing alveoli
165
Label A-C
A: prophase I - tetrads form by synapsis of homologues
B: crossover form
C: anaphase I - homologues separate
166
Label D-F
D: daughter cells of Meiosis I
E: anaphase II - sister chromatids separate
F: daughter cells
167
Label the figure.
A: spermatogonia
B: primary spermatocytes
C: spermatids
D: immature sperm in lumen
168
Label A-C
A: spermatogonium
B: mitosis
C: primary spermatocyte
169
Label D-F
D: primary spermatocyte
E: meiosis I
F: secondary spermatocyte
170
Label G-J
G: meiosis II
H: spermatids
I: spermiogenesis
J: functional sperm
171
Label A-C
A: secondary oocyte
B: ovulated secondary oocyte
C: corona radiata
172
Label D-F
D: developing corpus luteum
E: corpus luteum
F: medulla
173
Label G-I
G: ovarian ligament
H: primary follicles
I: degenerating corpus luteum (corpus albicans)
174
Label J-L
J: tunica albuginea
K: cortex
L: secondary follicle
175
Label M-P
M: granulosa cells
N: late secondary follicle
O: mesovarium and blood vessels
P: vesicular (antral) follicle
176
Label A-C
A: mitotic events
B: oogonium (stem cells)
C: mitosis
177
Label D-F
D: primary oocyte
E: meiosis I
F: first polar body
178
Label G-I
G: meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur)
H: polar bodies
I: second polar body
179
Label J-L
J: ovum
K: follicle in development in ovary
L: follicle cells
180
Label M-O
M: oocyte
N: primordial follicle
O: primary oocyte
181
Label P-R
P: primordial follicle
Q: primary oocyte
R: primary follicle
182
Label S-U
S: secondary follicle
T: vesicular (antral) follicle
U: secondary oocyte
183
Label V-X
V: ovulation
W: sperm
X: meiosis II
184
Label Y, Z, and 1
Y: ovulated secondary oocyte
Z: in absence of fertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and degenerates
1: degenerating corpus luteum
