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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 11 - Embryonic Development and Heredity > Flashcards

Lesson 11 - Embryonic Development and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic development: day 0 (2)

A

zygote

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2
Q

how is the zygote formed?

A

sperm and egg nuclei fusion

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3
Q

embryonic development: day 3

A

morula

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4
Q

embryonic development: days 4-6

A

blastocyst

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5
Q

the zygote divides without growth to form small cells called _____

A

blastomeres

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6
Q

morula

A

when zygotic division reaches 32 cells

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7
Q

blastocyst

A

hollowed out morula

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8
Q

the inner cell mass of a blastocyst forms the…

A

embryonic body

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9
Q

the outer layer of the blastocyst forms the _____ layer

A

trophoblast

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10
Q

the blastocyst also forms the _____ and part of the fetal _____

A

chorion, placenta

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11
Q

implantation

A

blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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12
Q

embryonic development: day 7 (3)

A
  • blastocyst implants
  • trophoblast secretes enzyme to erode uterine mucosa to expose vascular network
  • chorionic villi from trophoblast and uterine tissue will form placenta
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13
Q

as the implanted blastocyst grows, three embryonic layers form

A
  1. amnion
  2. yolk sac
  3. allantois
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14
Q

amnion

A

encases embryo in fluid-filled chamber

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15
Q

what is the function of the amnion?

A

protects against trauma, temp, and adhesion from rapid embryonic growth

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16
Q

yolk sac (2)

A

(1) forms the embryo’s first blood cells and (2) primordial germ cells here migrate to embryo body to form become germ cells in gonadal tissue

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17
Q

allantois

A

helps from umbilical cord

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18
Q

embryonic development: day 14

A

the uterine mucosa envelops the embryo

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19
Q

what stage is the embryo in at day 14?

A

gastrula

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20
Q

gastrula

A

three primary germ layers are present and begin to differentiate for the next 6 weeks

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21
Q

the uterine mucosa that envelops the embryo is called?

A

decidua capsularis

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22
Q

what is the uterine wall beneath the inner cell mass of the embryo called?

A

decidua basalis

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23
Q

three embryonic layers

A
  1. endoderm
  2. ectoderm
  3. mesoderm
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24
Q

the endoderm forms the… (2)

A
  • mucosa of digestive system
  • mucosa of respiratory system and their associated glands
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25
the ectoderm forms the (2)
skin and nervous system
26
the mesoderm forms...(5)
- everything in between - skeleton - skeletal muscles - walls of digestive organs - urinary and circulatory system
27
when is the embryo referred to as a fetus?
week 9
28
what is the major focus of development at week 9?
fetal growth and tissue/organ specialization/growth
29
gene
unit/area on DNA that contains hereditary info
30
alleles
genetic info coding for the same traits found on each pair on homologous chromosomes
31
homozygous trait
both alleles express the same info
32
heterozygous trait
one allele is dominant, while the other allele is recessive
33
recessive
masked by the expression of the dominant allele
34
dominant gene
requires one copy of the gene for the expression
35
recessive gene
requires both alleles to contain the gene for expression
36
genotype
an individual's genetic makeup
37
phenotype
the physical appearance of the genes
38
four main types of inheritance
- dominant/recessive inheritance - incomplete dominance - sexlinked inheritance - codominance
39
dominant-recessive inheritance/mendelian genetics (3)
- dominant alleles are expressed - recessive alleles are expressed only when they are homozygous - genotype and phenotype determined using Punnett square
40
examples of dominant/recessive traits (3)
- D: regular skin/hair/eyes R: albinism - D: dwarfism R: regular height - D: heterochromia R: both eyes same color
41
dwarfism is technically called...
achondroplasia
42
incomplete dominance
heterozygous alleles yield phenotype different than from homozygous dominant phenotype
43
Many genetic medical disorders that appear to be dominant-recessive are actually better described as being having what kind of dominance?
incomplete dominance
44
explain the difference between having sickle cell anemia and the sickle cell trait
- sickle cell anemia: have two copies of the recessive allele and produce 100% irregular blood cells - sickle cell trait: has one copy of the recessive allele and makes 50% normal and 50% irregular
45
sex-linked inheritance
inheritance of genes from the X (23rd) chromosome
46
the X chromosome contains genes that determine....(3)
- color vision - blood clotting - baldness
47
autosomes
all of the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes
48
why is the X chromosome unique?
it is the only chromosome of which you only require one copy
49
the Y chromosome has very few genes, including...(2)
- production of testosterone during fetal development - adolescent maturity in males
50
-Y in an embryo results in...
failed pregnancy
51
Interestingly, having extra copies of X in females and extra Ys in males...
does not appear to cause nay physiological problems for people
52
X- results in...
Turners syndrome
53
XXY results in...
Klinefelters syndrome
54
XXX and XYY result in...
normal physiology
55
hemophilia
blood clotting disorder
56
hemophilia: Xh-Y results in...
a hemophiliac
57
hemophilia: Xh-X results in...
a carrier of hemophilia
58
hemophilia: Xh-Xh results in
a hemophiliac
59
co-dominance
all alleles are expressed in the phenotype
60
what is the best example of co-dominance?
A and B blood groups
61
what is the only thing that can be used reliably to assign parentage?
a genetic paternity test
62
_____ _____ occur all the time and can alter the expected genotype
random mutations
63
______ _____ can alter the appearance of the expected phenotype from a genotype
masking genes
64
Label A-C
A: zygote (fertilized egg) B: 4-cell stage (day 2) C: morula (a solid ball of blastomeres on day 3)
65
Label D and D1
D: early blastocyst D1: implanting blastocyst
66
early blastocyst (4)
- morula hollows out - fills with fluid - hatches from the zona pellucida - 4 days
67
implanting blastocyst (2)
- consists of a sphere of trophoblast cells and an eccentric cell cluster called the inner cell mass - 7 days
68
Label E-G
E: ovary F: ovulation G: oocyte (egg)
69
Label H-J
H: fertilization I: uterine tube J: sperm
70
Label K-N
K: blastocyst cavity L: inner cell mass M: blastocyst cavity N: trophoblast
71
Label O-Q
O: uterus P: endometrium Q: cavity of uterus
72
Label A-C
A: endometrium B: amniotic cavity C: endometrial epithelium
73
Label D-F
D: chorion being formed E: chorionic villus F: chorion
74
Label G-I
G: amnion H: yolk sac I: lumen of uterus
75
Label J-L
J: amniotic cavity K: primary germ layers L: ectoderm
76
Label M-O
M: mesoderm N: endoderm O: forming umbilical cord
77
Label P-R
P: allantois Q: decidua basalis R: maternal blood
78
Label S-U
S: chorionic villus T: umbilical blood vessels in umbilical cord U: amnion
79
Label V-X
V: yolk sac W: chorion X: decidua capsularis
80
Label A-C
A: placenta B: decidua basalis C: chorionic villi
81
Label D-F
D: yolk sac E: amnion F: amniotic cavity
82
Label G-I
G: umbilical cord H: uterus I: decidua capsularis
83
Label J-L
J: chorionic villus containing fetal capillaries K: fetal arteriole L: fetal venule
84
Label M-O
M: amnion N: umbilical cord O: myometrium
85
Label P-R
P: stratum basalis of endometrium Q: maternal portion of placenta (decidua basalis) R: fetal portion of placenta (chorion)
86
Label S and T
S: umbilical arteries T: umbilical vein

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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