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Anatomy and Physiology II Lab > Lesson 4 - The Heart and Blood > Flashcards

Lesson 4 - The Heart and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A

connective tissue that has non-living fluid matrix that suspends living cells

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2
Q

plasma

A

the non-living fluid matrix of blood

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3
Q

formed elements

A

the living cells in blood

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4
Q

what percent of blood is formed elements/plasma?

A

45%/55%

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5
Q

formed elements of blood (3)

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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6
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (RBC)

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7
Q

what do RBCs do?

A

transport O2

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells (WBC)

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9
Q

what do leukocytes do?

A

they’re part of the immune system

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10
Q

platelets

A

small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding

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11
Q

plasma composition (7)

A

over 90% water but contains nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites, proteins, and electrolytes

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12
Q

major functions of plasma components: water (2)

A

solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat

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13
Q

major functions of plasma components: salts (3)

A

include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
- osmotic balance
- pH buffering

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14
Q

major functions of plasma components: plasma proteins

A

osmotic balance, clotting of blood, defense, and lipid transport

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15
Q

plasma proteins (3)

A
  • albumin
  • fibrinogen
  • globulins
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16
Q

substances transported by blood: nutrients (4)

A

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins

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17
Q

substances transported by blood: waste products (2)

A

urea, uric acid

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18
Q

substances transported by blood: respiratory gases

A

O2 and CO2

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19
Q

erythrocyte function

A

transport O2 and CO2

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20
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytize bacteria

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21
Q

eosinophil function (2)

A

kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma

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22
Q

basophil function (2)

A

release histamine and other mediators; contain heparin and anticoagulant

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23
Q

lymphocyte function

A

mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies

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24
Q

monocyte function (2)

A

phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue

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25
Q

platelet function (2)

A

seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

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26
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

erythrocyte

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27
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

neutrophil

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28
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

eosinophil

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29
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

basophil

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30
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

lymphocyte

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31
Q

What type of blood cell is this?

A

monocyte

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32
Q

What component of blood is this?

A

platelets

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33
Q

can erythrocytes repair themselves?

A

no

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34
Q

how long do erythrocytes last in the body?

A

100-120 days

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35
Q

what cells are leukocytes produced from, and where?

A

hemocytoblast stem cells in bone marrow

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36
Q

diapedesis

A

the moving of leukocytes in and out of blood vessels

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37
Q

types of granulocytes (3)

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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38
Q

types of agranulocytes (2)

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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39
Q

granulocytes

A

cytoplasmic granules stain differentially with Wright’s stain

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40
Q

neutrophil (3)

A

most abundant WBC; active phagocyte, number increases with infection

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41
Q

eosinophil

A

attacks parasitic worms, lessens allergic reactions

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42
Q

basophils

A

contains granules with histamine causes the inflammatory response

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43
Q

agranulocytes/agranular leukocytes

A

no visible cytoplasmic granules

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44
Q

where are agranulocytes mainly found?

A

lymphatic system

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45
Q

lymphocyte

A

smallest leukocyte; functions in immunological response

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46
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce blood antibodies

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47
Q

T lymphocytes

A

has ‘antibodies’ on the cell surface to detect and destroys grafts, tumors, and virus-infected cells

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48
Q

monocytes

A

largest leukocytes, converts into macrophages when inside tissue; engulfs foreign particles

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49
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow; vital role in blood clotting

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50
Q

coagulation

A

injured tissues release tissue factor TH while platelets release platelet factor PF3

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51
Q

what do platelet factor PF3 and tissue factor TF combine to form?

A

prothrombin activator

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52
Q

what does prothrombin activator do?

A

converts prothrombin in blood plasma to thrombin

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53
Q

what does thrombin do?

A

polymerizes soluble fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin which forms the clot

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54
Q

what forms blood clots?

A

fibrin

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55
Q

RBCs contain surface _____ which are determined by _____

A

antigens, genetics

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56
Q

type AB blood has which antigens?

A

antigens A and B

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57
Q

type B blood has which antigens?

A

antigen B

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58
Q

type A blood has which antigens?

A

antigen A

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59
Q

type O blood has which antigens?

A

no antigens

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60
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection

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61
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased WBC count indicated typhoid fever, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, TB, excessive antibiotic/X-ray therapy

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62
Q

leukemia

A

uncontrolled proliferation of WBC and reduction of RBC and platelets

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63
Q

polycythemia

A

increased RBC count from living in high altitudes or bone marrow cancer

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64
Q

anemia

A

decreased RBC count

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65
Q

anemia: iron deficiency

A

caused by lack of iron

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66
Q

anemia: sickle cell

A

RBC have abnormal shape causing decreased O2 carrying ability

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67
Q

anemia: aplastic

A

bone marrow produces too few RBCs

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68
Q

anemia: pernicious

A

reduced RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12

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69
Q

RBC production is influenced by what hormone?

A

erythropoietin

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70
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone from the kidneys that stimulate RBC production in bone marrow

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71
Q

hematocrit

A

the percent of blood volume occupied by RBCs

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72
Q

PCV: packed cell volumes

A

used to detect anemia

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73
Q

high PCV to hemoglobin ratio indicates what?

A

anemia

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74
Q

hematocrit equation

A
75
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

measures RBC settling

76
Q

low ESR sedimentation indicates?

A

the person is normal

77
Q

increased sedimentation (ESR) indicates?

A

the person has increased production of fibrinogen and immunoglobulins

78
Q

hemoglobin (Hb) determination

A

measures Hb concentrations in RBC

79
Q

hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a normal person

A

12-18 grams/100ml of blood

80
Q

hemoglobin (Hb) determination for an anemic person

A

lower than 12 grams/100ml

81
Q

hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a polycythemia person

A

higher than 18 gram/100ml

82
Q

blood typing

A

RBCs have antigens on the cell surface; antibodies against these antigens can be used to determine blood type

83
Q

heart is part of what body system?

A

cardiovascular system

84
Q

the myocardium is composed of _____ _____

A

cardiac muscle

85
Q

cardiac muscle is reinforced by a _____ _____ _____ tissue network

A

dense, fibrous, connective

86
Q

where is the base of the heart found?

A

beneath the 2nd rib

87
Q

where is the apex of the heart found?

A

at the left on top of the diaphragm

88
Q

what is the heart enclosed by?

A

the pericardium

89
Q

what lubricates the heart?

A

serous fluid to prevent friction

90
Q

pericardium

A

doubled walled fibrous sac

91
Q

visceral pericardium/epicardium

A

inner layer; closest to the muscle from the base of the heart to the apex

92
Q

at the apex, the pericardium and epicardium forms what?

A

the parietal pericardium to attach the heart to the diaphragm

93
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer formed from dense connective tissue

94
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium lined by?

A

parietal pericardium

95
Q

pericarditis

A

pericardial inflammation due to serous pericardial layer adhesion

96
Q

what cell type lines the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle cells

97
Q

cardiac muscles are _____ and have only one _____

A

striated, nucleus

98
Q

cardiac cells have _____ endings

A

branched

99
Q

the ends of cardiac muscles are attached to each other by what?

A

intercalated discs

100
Q

intercalated discs contain _____ _____ that link the cytoplasm of one cardiac muscle cell to the adjacent one

A

gap junctions

101
Q

gap junctions allow what to flow from one cell to another? (3)

A

small molecules, ions, and action potentials to flow through the myocardium

102
Q

each chamber of the heart is lined with

A

serous endothelium or endocardium

103
Q

interatrial/interventricular septum

A

separates left and right atria and ventricles respectively

104
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

separates atrium from ventricle

105
Q

_____ _____ originating from _____ _____ are used to anchor cusps to ventricular wall

A

chordae tendineae; papillary muscles

106
Q

bicuspid/mitral valve

A

the left atrioventricular valve

107
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

108
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

three-cusp valve preventing backflow of blood from the lungs to the right ventricle

109
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

three-cusp valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle

110
Q

blood enters where?

A

the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae

111
Q

once blood enters the right atrium, where does it go?

A

through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

112
Q

once blood is in the right ventricle, where does it go?

A

through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk

113
Q

once blood is in the pulmonary trunk, where does it go?

A

to the left and right pulmonary arteries, to the lungs

114
Q

once blood is in the lungs, where does it go?

A

through the left and right pulmonary veins to the left atrium

115
Q

once blood is in the left atrium, where does it go?

A

through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

116
Q

once blood is in the left ventricle, where does it go?

A

through the aortic semilunar valve, to the aorta, and the rest of the body

117
Q

diastole

A

period of ventricular filling
- atrioventricular valve opens, filling the ventricles with blood

118
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction
- atrioventricular valves close, blood is pushed out of the ventricles

119
Q

pulmonary circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?

A

the right side

120
Q

systemic circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?

A

the left side

121
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs

122
Q

systemic circulation

A

pumps O2 rich blood to the rest of the body

123
Q

cardiac circulation

A

provided by left and right coronary arteries that encircle the heart at the atrioventricular groove

124
Q

where do the coronary arteries extend from?

A

the base of the aorta

125
Q

where does the left coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?

A

anterior ventricular wall and laterodorsal left side

126
Q

what are the two major branches of the left coronary artery?

A

anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

127
Q

where does the right coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?

A

posterior ventricles and lateral aspects of the right heart

128
Q

what are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?

A

posterior interventricular and right marginal artery

129
Q

cardiac veins drain blood from the myocardium to where?

A

the coronary sinus that empties into the right atrium

130
Q

cardiac veins (4)

A

great, middle, small, and anterior

131
Q

Label the figure

A

Neutrophil
- multilobed nucleus

132
Q

Label the figure

A

Eosinophil
- bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules

133
Q

Label the figure

A

Basophil
- bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

134
Q

Label the figure

A

small lymphocyte
- large, spherical nucleus

135
Q

Label the figure

A

monocyte
- kidney-shaped nucleus

136
Q

Label A-C

A

A: injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers to which platelets adhere
B: platelet plug forms
C: fibrin clot with trapped RBC

137
Q

Label D-F

A

D: collagen fibers
E: platelets
F: fibrin

138
Q

Label A-C

A

A: platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
B: PF3 from platelets and tissue factor from damaged tissue cells
C: calcium and other clotting factors in blood plasma

139
Q

Label D and E

A

D: formation of prothrombin activator
E: coagulation

140
Q

Label the figure

A

A: prothrombin
B: thrombin
C: fibrinogen (soluble)
D: fibrin (insoluble)

141
Q

Label the figure

A

A: second rib
B: diaphragm
C: sternum

142
Q

Label the figure

A

cardiac muscle bundles

143
Q

Label the figure

A

A: intercalated discs
B: sarcolemma
C: nucleus
D: cardiac muscle cells

144
Q

Label A-C

A

A: right atrium
B: tricuspid valve
C: right ventricle

145
Q

Label D-F

A

D: chordae tendineae
E: inferior vena cava
F: left atrium

146
Q

Label G-I

A

G: mitral (bicuspid) valve
H: aortic valve
I: pulmonary valve

147
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left ventricle
K: papillary muscle
L: interventricular septum

148
Q

Label M-O

A

M: epicardium
N: myocardium
O: endocardium

149
Q

Label the figure

A

A: pulmonary valve
B: aortic valve
C: mitral valve
D: tricuspid valve

150
Q

Label the figure

A

A: myocardium
B: tricuspid valve
C: mitral valve
D: aortic valve
E: pulmonary valve

151
Q

Label the figure

A

A: chordae tendineae attached to tricuspid valve flap
B: papillary muscle

152
Q

Label A-C

A

A: mitral valve
B: tricuspid valve
C: myocardium of the right ventricle

153
Q

Label D-G

A

D: chordae tendineae
E: interventricular septum
F: papillary muscle
G: myocardium of left ventricle

154
Q

Label A-C

A

A: superior vena cava
B: right pulmonary artery
C: pulmonary trunk

155
Q

Label D-F

A

D: right atrium
E: right pulmonary veins
F: tricuspid valve

156
Q

Label G-I

A

G: right ventricle
H: inferior vena cava
I: aorta

157
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left pulmonary artery
K: left atrium
L: left pulmonary veins

158
Q

Label M-P

A

M: mitral (bicuspid) valve
N: aortic valve
O: pulmonary valve
P: left ventricle

159
Q

Label A-C

A

A: Brachiocephalic trunk
B: superior vena cava
C: right pulmonary trunk

160
Q

Label D-F

A

D: ascending aorta
E: pulmonary trunk
F: right pulmonary veins

161
Q

Label G-I

A

G: right atrium
H: right ventricle
I: inferior vena cava

162
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left common carotid artery
K: left subclavian artery
L: aortic arch

163
Q

Label M-O

A

M: left pulmonary artery
N: left pulmonary veins
O: auricle of left atrium

164
Q

Label P and Q

A

P: left ventricle
Q: apex

165
Q

Label A-C

A

A: aorta
B: left pulmonary artery
C: left pulmonary veins

166
Q

Label D-F

A

D: left atrium
E: left ventricle
F: apex

167
Q

Label G-I

A

G: superior vena cava
H: right pulmonary artery
I: right pulmonary veins

168
Q

Label J-L

A

J: right atrium
K: inferior vena cava
L: right ventricle

169
Q

Label A-C

A

A: capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
B: pulmonary circuit
C: pulmonary arteries

170
Q

Label D-F

A

D: venae cavae
E: right atrium
F: right ventricle

171
Q

Label G-I

A

G: systemic circuit
H: capillary beds of body tissues where gas exchange occurs
I: pulmonary veins

172
Q

Label J-L

A

J: aorta and branches
K: left atrium
L: left ventricle

173
Q

Label A-C

A

A: right coronary artery
B: right marginal artery
C: posterior interventricular artery

174
Q

Label D-F

A

D: left coronary artery
E: circumflex artery
F: anterior interventricular artery

175
Q

Label A-C

A

A: anterior cardiac veins
B: small cardiac vein
C: middle cardiac vein

176
Q

Label D and E

A

D: great cardiac vein
E: coronary sinus

177
Q

Label A-C

A

A: right atrium
B: right coronary artery in coronary sulcus
C: anterior cardiac vein

178
Q

Label D-F

A

D: right ventricle
E: right marginal artery
F: small cardiac vein

179
Q

Label G-I

A

G: inferior vena cava
H: auricle of left atrium
I: circumflex artery

180
Q

Label J-L

A

J: left coronary artery in coronary sulcus
K: left ventricle
L: great cardiac vein

181
Q

Label M and N

A

M: anterior interventricular artery in anterior interventricular sulcus
N: apex

182
Q

Label A-C

A

A: left atrium
B: great cardiac vein
C: left ventricle

183
Q

Label D-F

A

D: right atrium
E: coronary sinus
F: right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus

184
Q

Label G-I

A

G: posterior interventricular artery
H: middle cardiac vein
I: right ventricle

Anatomy and Physiology II Lab (13 decks)

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