Lesson 4 - The Heart and Blood Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
blood
A
connective tissue that has non-living fluid matrix that suspends living cells
2
Q
plasma
A
the non-living fluid matrix of blood
3
Q
formed elements
A
the living cells in blood
4
Q
what percent of blood is formed elements/plasma?
A
45%/55%
5
Q
formed elements of blood (3)
A
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
6
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells (RBC)
7
Q
what do RBCs do?
A
transport O2
8
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells (WBC)
9
Q
what do leukocytes do?
A
they’re part of the immune system
10
Q
platelets
A
small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
11
Q
plasma composition (7)
A
over 90% water but contains nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites, proteins, and electrolytes
12
Q
major functions of plasma components: water (2)
A
solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat
13
Q
major functions of plasma components: salts (3)
A
include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
- osmotic balance
- pH buffering
14
Q
major functions of plasma components: plasma proteins
A
osmotic balance, clotting of blood, defense, and lipid transport
15
Q
plasma proteins (3)
A
- albumin
- fibrinogen
- globulins
16
Q
substances transported by blood: nutrients (4)
A
glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins
17
Q
substances transported by blood: waste products (2)
A
urea, uric acid
18
Q
substances transported by blood: respiratory gases
A
O2 and CO2
19
Q
erythrocyte function
A
transport O2 and CO2
20
Q
neutrophil function
A
phagocytize bacteria
21
Q
eosinophil function (2)
A
kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy and asthma
22
Q
basophil function (2)
A
release histamine and other mediators; contain heparin and anticoagulant
23
Q
lymphocyte function
A
mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies
24
Q
monocyte function (2)
A
phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue
25
platelet function (2)
seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
26
What type of blood cell is this?
erythrocyte
27
What type of blood cell is this?
neutrophil
28
What type of blood cell is this?
eosinophil
29
What type of blood cell is this?
basophil
30
What type of blood cell is this?
lymphocyte
31
What type of blood cell is this?
monocyte
32
What component of blood is this?
platelets
33
can erythrocytes repair themselves?
no
34
how long do erythrocytes last in the body?
100-120 days
35
what cells are leukocytes produced from, and where?
hemocytoblast stem cells in bone marrow
36
diapedesis
the moving of leukocytes in and out of blood vessels
37
types of granulocytes (3)
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
38
types of agranulocytes (2)
lymphocytes and monocytes
39
granulocytes
cytoplasmic granules stain differentially with Wright's stain
40
neutrophil (3)
most abundant WBC; active phagocyte, number increases with infection
41
eosinophil
attacks parasitic worms, lessens allergic reactions
42
basophils
contains granules with histamine causes the inflammatory response
43
agranulocytes/agranular leukocytes
no visible cytoplasmic granules
44
where are agranulocytes mainly found?
lymphatic system
45
lymphocyte
smallest leukocyte; functions in immunological response
46
B lymphocytes
produce blood antibodies
47
T lymphocytes
has 'antibodies' on the cell surface to detect and destroys grafts, tumors, and virus-infected cells
48
monocytes
largest leukocytes, converts into macrophages when inside tissue; engulfs foreign particles
49
platelets
cell fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow; vital role in blood clotting
50
coagulation
injured tissues release tissue factor TH while platelets release platelet factor PF3
51
what do platelet factor PF3 and tissue factor TF combine to form?
prothrombin activator
52
what does prothrombin activator do?
converts prothrombin in blood plasma to thrombin
53
what does thrombin do?
polymerizes soluble fibrinogen in plasma to insoluble fibrin which forms the clot
54
what forms blood clots?
fibrin
55
RBCs contain surface _____ which are determined by _____
antigens, genetics
56
type AB blood has which antigens?
antigens A and B
57
type B blood has which antigens?
antigen B
58
type A blood has which antigens?
antigen A
59
type O blood has which antigens?
no antigens
60
leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection
61
leukopenia
decreased WBC count indicated typhoid fever, infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, TB, excessive antibiotic/X-ray therapy
62
leukemia
uncontrolled proliferation of WBC and reduction of RBC and platelets
63
polycythemia
increased RBC count from living in high altitudes or bone marrow cancer
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anemia
decreased RBC count
65
anemia: iron deficiency
caused by lack of iron
66
anemia: sickle cell
RBC have abnormal shape causing decreased O2 carrying ability
67
anemia: aplastic
bone marrow produces too few RBCs
68
anemia: pernicious
reduced RBC production due to lack of vitamin B12
69
RBC production is influenced by what hormone?
erythropoietin
70
erythropoietin
hormone from the kidneys that stimulate RBC production in bone marrow
71
hematocrit
the percent of blood volume occupied by RBCs
72
PCV: packed cell volumes
used to detect anemia
73
high PCV to hemoglobin ratio indicates what?
anemia
74
hematocrit equation
75
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures RBC settling
76
low ESR sedimentation indicates?
the person is normal
77
increased sedimentation (ESR) indicates?
the person has increased production of fibrinogen and immunoglobulins
78
hemoglobin (Hb) determination
measures Hb concentrations in RBC
79
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a normal person
12-18 grams/100ml of blood
80
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for an anemic person
lower than 12 grams/100ml
81
hemoglobin (Hb) determination for a polycythemia person
higher than 18 gram/100ml
82
blood typing
RBCs have antigens on the cell surface; antibodies against these antigens can be used to determine blood type
83
heart is part of what body system?
cardiovascular system
84
the myocardium is composed of _____ _____
cardiac muscle
85
cardiac muscle is reinforced by a _____ _____ _____ tissue network
dense, fibrous, connective
86
where is the base of the heart found?
beneath the 2nd rib
87
where is the apex of the heart found?
at the left on top of the diaphragm
88
what is the heart enclosed by?
the pericardium
89
what lubricates the heart?
serous fluid to prevent friction
90
pericardium
doubled walled fibrous sac
91
visceral pericardium/epicardium
inner layer; closest to the muscle from the base of the heart to the apex
92
at the apex, the pericardium and epicardium forms what?
the parietal pericardium to attach the heart to the diaphragm
93
fibrous pericardium
outer layer formed from dense connective tissue
94
what is the fibrous pericardium lined by?
parietal pericardium
95
pericarditis
pericardial inflammation due to serous pericardial layer adhesion
96
what cell type lines the myocardium?
cardiac muscle cells
97
cardiac muscles are _____ and have only one _____
striated, nucleus
98
cardiac cells have _____ endings
branched
99
the ends of cardiac muscles are attached to each other by what?
intercalated discs
100
intercalated discs contain _____ _____ that link the cytoplasm of one cardiac muscle cell to the adjacent one
gap junctions
101
gap junctions allow what to flow from one cell to another? (3)
small molecules, ions, and action potentials to flow through the myocardium
102
each chamber of the heart is lined with
serous endothelium or endocardium
103
interatrial/interventricular septum
separates left and right atria and ventricles respectively
104
atrioventricular (AV) valves
separates atrium from ventricle
105
_____ _____ originating from _____ _____ are used to anchor cusps to ventricular wall
chordae tendineae; papillary muscles
106
bicuspid/mitral valve
the left atrioventricular valve
107
tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve
108
pulmonary semilunar valve
three-cusp valve preventing backflow of blood from the lungs to the right ventricle
109
aortic semilunar valve
three-cusp valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle
110
blood enters where?
the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae
111
once blood enters the right atrium, where does it go?
through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
112
once blood is in the right ventricle, where does it go?
through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk
113
once blood is in the pulmonary trunk, where does it go?
to the left and right pulmonary arteries, to the lungs
114
once blood is in the lungs, where does it go?
through the left and right pulmonary veins to the left atrium
115
once blood is in the left atrium, where does it go?
through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
116
once blood is in the left ventricle, where does it go?
through the aortic semilunar valve, to the aorta, and the rest of the body
117
diastole
period of ventricular filling
- atrioventricular valve opens, filling the ventricles with blood
118
systole
ventricular contraction
- atrioventricular valves close, blood is pushed out of the ventricles
119
pulmonary circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?
the right side
120
systemic circulation is controlled by what section of the heart?
the left side
121
pulmonary circulation
pumps O2 poor blood to the lungs
122
systemic circulation
pumps O2 rich blood to the rest of the body
123
cardiac circulation
provided by left and right coronary arteries that encircle the heart at the atrioventricular groove
124
where do the coronary arteries extend from?
the base of the aorta
125
where does the left coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?
anterior ventricular wall and laterodorsal left side
126
what are the two major branches of the left coronary artery?
anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
127
where does the right coronary artery supply O2 rich blood?
posterior ventricles and lateral aspects of the right heart
128
what are the two major branches of the right coronary artery?
posterior interventricular and right marginal artery
129
cardiac veins drain blood from the myocardium to where?
the coronary sinus that empties into the right atrium
130
cardiac veins (4)
great, middle, small, and anterior
131
Label the figure
Neutrophil
- multilobed nucleus
132
Label the figure
Eosinophil
- bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
133
Label the figure
Basophil
- bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
134
Label the figure
small lymphocyte
- large, spherical nucleus
135
Label the figure
monocyte
- kidney-shaped nucleus
136
Label A-C
A: injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers to which platelets adhere
B: platelet plug forms
C: fibrin clot with trapped RBC
137
Label D-F
D: collagen fibers
E: platelets
F: fibrin
138
Label A-C
A: platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky
B: PF3 from platelets and tissue factor from damaged tissue cells
C: calcium and other clotting factors in blood plasma
139
Label D and E
D: formation of prothrombin activator
E: coagulation
140
Label the figure
A: prothrombin
B: thrombin
C: fibrinogen (soluble)
D: fibrin (insoluble)
141
Label the figure
A: second rib
B: diaphragm
C: sternum
142
Label the figure
cardiac muscle bundles
143
Label the figure
A: intercalated discs
B: sarcolemma
C: nucleus
D: cardiac muscle cells
144
Label A-C
A: right atrium
B: tricuspid valve
C: right ventricle
145
Label D-F
D: chordae tendineae
E: inferior vena cava
F: left atrium
146
Label G-I
G: mitral (bicuspid) valve
H: aortic valve
I: pulmonary valve
147
Label J-L
J: left ventricle
K: papillary muscle
L: interventricular septum
148
Label M-O
M: epicardium
N: myocardium
O: endocardium
149
Label the figure
A: pulmonary valve
B: aortic valve
C: mitral valve
D: tricuspid valve
150
Label the figure
A: myocardium
B: tricuspid valve
C: mitral valve
D: aortic valve
E: pulmonary valve
151
Label the figure
A: chordae tendineae attached to tricuspid valve flap
B: papillary muscle
152
Label A-C
A: mitral valve
B: tricuspid valve
C: myocardium of the right ventricle
153
Label D-G
D: chordae tendineae
E: interventricular septum
F: papillary muscle
G: myocardium of left ventricle
154
Label A-C
A: superior vena cava
B: right pulmonary artery
C: pulmonary trunk
155
Label D-F
D: right atrium
E: right pulmonary veins
F: tricuspid valve
156
Label G-I
G: right ventricle
H: inferior vena cava
I: aorta
157
Label J-L
J: left pulmonary artery
K: left atrium
L: left pulmonary veins
158
Label M-P
M: mitral (bicuspid) valve
N: aortic valve
O: pulmonary valve
P: left ventricle
159
Label A-C
A: Brachiocephalic trunk
B: superior vena cava
C: right pulmonary trunk
160
Label D-F
D: ascending aorta
E: pulmonary trunk
F: right pulmonary veins
161
Label G-I
G: right atrium
H: right ventricle
I: inferior vena cava
162
Label J-L
J: left common carotid artery
K: left subclavian artery
L: aortic arch
163
Label M-O
M: left pulmonary artery
N: left pulmonary veins
O: auricle of left atrium
164
Label P and Q
P: left ventricle
Q: apex
165
Label A-C
A: aorta
B: left pulmonary artery
C: left pulmonary veins
166
Label D-F
D: left atrium
E: left ventricle
F: apex
167
Label G-I
G: superior vena cava
H: right pulmonary artery
I: right pulmonary veins
168
Label J-L
J: right atrium
K: inferior vena cava
L: right ventricle
169
Label A-C
A: capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs
B: pulmonary circuit
C: pulmonary arteries
170
Label D-F
D: venae cavae
E: right atrium
F: right ventricle
171
Label G-I
G: systemic circuit
H: capillary beds of body tissues where gas exchange occurs
I: pulmonary veins
172
Label J-L
J: aorta and branches
K: left atrium
L: left ventricle
173
Label A-C
A: right coronary artery
B: right marginal artery
C: posterior interventricular artery
174
Label D-F
D: left coronary artery
E: circumflex artery
F: anterior interventricular artery
175
Label A-C
A: anterior cardiac veins
B: small cardiac vein
C: middle cardiac vein
176
Label D and E
D: great cardiac vein
E: coronary sinus
177
Label A-C
A: right atrium
B: right coronary artery in coronary sulcus
C: anterior cardiac vein
178
Label D-F
D: right ventricle
E: right marginal artery
F: small cardiac vein
179
Label G-I
G: inferior vena cava
H: auricle of left atrium
I: circumflex artery
180
Label J-L
J: left coronary artery in coronary sulcus
K: left ventricle
L: great cardiac vein
181
Label M and N
M: anterior interventricular artery in anterior interventricular sulcus
N: apex
182
Label A-C
A: left atrium
B: great cardiac vein
C: left ventricle
183
Label D-F
D: right atrium
E: coronary sinus
F: right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
184
Label G-I
G: posterior interventricular artery
H: middle cardiac vein
I: right ventricle
