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EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II > Lesson 1: Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

_____ and _____ which lie parallel to muscle fibers provide blood supply.

A

Arteries; veins

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2
Q

What is the benefit of having a diffuse, widespread network of blood supply to/from muscle?

A

Allows for increased oxygen supply/CO2 removal during rhythmic contractions

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3
Q

During prolonged high-force contractions, blood flow is ______ and aerobic/anaerobic energy systems provide fuel (ATP)

A

occluded; anaerobic

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4
Q

Capillary density increase with ________ training

A

chronic endurance/aerobic

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5
Q

Capillary density

A

Increased amount of capillaries per muscle fiber

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6
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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7
Q

Benefits of angiogenesis

A

Allows for more efficient delivery of O2 and removal of CO2
Provides more prolonged capacity for aerobic ATP re-synthesis

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8
Q

Intramuscular PCr will increase with _________ training

A

chronic strength

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9
Q

Benefits of chronic strength training

A

Allows for improvements in anaerobic ATP re-synthesis during high force contractions when blood supply is limited

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10
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Thin, elastic membrane that encloses the fiber’s cellular contents

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11
Q

Plasmalemma

A

Muscle cell membrane that fuses with tendon and conducts action potential

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12
Q

Satellite cells

A

Precursor to skeletal muscle cells (stem cells)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of satellite cells?

A

Muscle growth/development, response to injury, immobilization, training

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14
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle cell

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15
Q

Unique features of sarcoplasm:

A

Glycogen storage, myoglobin, carries and stores oxygen for muscle cells specifically

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16
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Extensions of plasmalemma which carry action potential deep into muscle fiber

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Area of calcium (CA2+) storage

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18
Q

SR stores _____

A

calcium

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19
Q

Transverse tubule carries _____ ____

A

electrical signal

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20
Q

A person who trains aerobically would have more/less mitochondria

A

More

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21
Q

How does a muscle fiber grow?

A

More myofibrils

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22
Q

Basic contractile element of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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23
Q

The full myofibril length is the length of the _____

A

sarcomere

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24
Q

Dark stripes of a sarcomere

A

A-bands

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25
Light stripes of a sarcomere
I-band
26
Middle of the A-band
H-zone
27
Middle of the H-zone
M-band
28
Common boundary structure between the ends of the sarcomere
Z-line
29
Actin is thin/thick
thin
30
Myosin is thin/thick
thick
31
I-band contains only actin/myosin filaments
Actin
32
A-band contains actin/myosin filaments
actin & myosin
33
H-zone contains only actin/myosin filaments
myosin
34
Actin is made up of _ proteins
3
35
Proteins that make up actin:
Actin, tropomyosin, troponin
36
The ___ protein of actin contains myosin-binding site
actin
37
The _____ protein of actin covers the active site at rest
tropomyosin
38
The ____ protein of actin is anchored to the actin and moves the tropomyosin
Troponin
39
Actin is anchored at the _______
Z-disk
40
Myosin is made up of the protein ____
myosin
41
Myosin is essentially two intertwined filaments with _____ _____
globular heads
42
The globular heads protrude ____ degrees from the thick filament axis
360
43
The _______ of myosin interact with actin filaments for contraction
globular heads
44
When the globular heads of myosin attach to actin, they form a ______
cross-bridge
45
Myosin and actin will attach and shorten the sarcomere for a ______ ______
muscle contraction
46
Tell me about the relaxed state of the sarcomere in the sliding filament theory
No actin-myosin interaction (not attached) Actin and myosin overlap a little (troponin covers myosin binding site)
47
Tell me about the contraction state of the sarcomere in the sliding filament theory
Myosin head attaches to binding site Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke) Filaments slide past each other Sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber ALL shorten
48
What happens after the power stroke?
Myosin detaches from active site and rotates back to OG position. The myosin then attaches to another active site farther down.
49
Sarcomere contraction continues until the _____ reaches myosin filaments OR the _____ stops and calcium gets pumped back into the SR
Z-disk; action potential
50
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
ATP binds to the myosin head. The ATPase on the myosin head initiates the reaction ATP --> ADP + P + energy, which allows for the power stroke of the myosin head through the release of the high energy phosphate (P)
51
Is ATP necessary for muscle contraction?
Yes
52
Without ___ and ___, there would be no movement during a muscle contraction
Calcium; ATP (nervous control, too)
53
Beyond the mechanical action described in the sliding filament theory, ______ must occur involving the nervous system
Excitation
54
Alpha-motor neuron innervate ____ ____ and are directly responsible for ______
muscle fibers; excitation
55
What makes up a motor unit?
Single a-Motor neurons + all fibers it innervates
56
The more operating motor units, the more/less contractile the force.
More
57
The site of communication between a neuron and muscle is the _____
neuromuscular junction
58
What is the neuromuscular junction made of?
A synapse between a a-Motor neurons and muscle fiber
59
6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling:
1.) AP starts in brain 2.) AP arrives at axon terminal, released ACh 3.) ACh crosses synpase and binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma 4.) AP travels down the plasmalemma and deeper into muscle through T-tubules 5.) Triggers calcium release from SR 6.) Calcium binds to troponin, which moves the tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to actin and contract.
60
In short, what role does the nervous system have in muscle contraction?
Triggers the release of calcium !
61
What about the steps of the excitation-contraction coupling in muscle relaxation?
1.) AP ends, so electrical stimulation of SR stops 2.) Calcium is pumped back into SR, where it is stored until the next AP arrives 3.) Without calcium, troponin and tropomyosin return to resting conformation, which covers the myosin-binding site and prevents actin-myosin cross-bridging
62
Three types of muscles:
Smooth, skeletal, cardiac
63
Which type of muscle is involuntary and is found in hollow organs
Smooth
64
Which type of muscle is involuntary and found in the heart
Cardiac
65
Which type of muscle is voluntary and found near the skeleton
Skeletal
66
A tendon connects _____ to _____
muscle; bone
67
Epimysium
Sheath of fibrous CT surrounding the entire muscle
68
Perimysium
Layer of CT surrounding a bundle of up to 150 fasciculi
69
Fasciculi
Bundle of muscle fibers
70
Endomysium
A fine layer of CT wrapping each muscle fiber
71
Muscle cell
Cylindrical, multinucleated fiber that makes up skeletal muscle
72
Muscle structures from largest to smallest:
Muscle Epimysium Perimysium Fasciculi Endomysium Muscle fiber Myofibrils

EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II (12 decks)

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