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EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II > Lesson 1: Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

_____ and _____ which lie parallel to muscle fibers provide blood supply.

A

Arteries; veins

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2
Q

What is the benefit of having a diffuse, widespread network of blood supply to/from muscle?

A

Allows for increased oxygen supply/CO2 removal during rhythmic contractions

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3
Q

During prolonged high-force contractions, blood flow is ______ and aerobic/anaerobic energy systems provide fuel (ATP)

A

occluded; anaerobic

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4
Q

Capillary density increase with ________ training

A

chronic endurance/aerobic

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5
Q

Capillary density

A

Increased amount of capillaries per muscle fiber

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6
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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7
Q

Benefits of angiogenesis

A

Allows for more efficient delivery of O2 and removal of CO2
Provides more prolonged capacity for aerobic ATP re-synthesis

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8
Q

Intramuscular PCr will increase with _________ training

A

chronic strength

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9
Q

Benefits of chronic strength training

A

Allows for improvements in anaerobic ATP re-synthesis during high force contractions when blood supply is limited

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10
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Thin, elastic membrane that encloses the fiber’s cellular contents

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11
Q

Plasmalemma

A

Muscle cell membrane that fuses with tendon and conducts action potential

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12
Q

Satellite cells

A

Precursor to skeletal muscle cells (stem cells)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of satellite cells?

A

Muscle growth/development, response to injury, immobilization, training

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14
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the muscle cell

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15
Q

Unique features of sarcoplasm:

A

Glycogen storage, myoglobin, carries and stores oxygen for muscle cells specifically

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16
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Extensions of plasmalemma which carry action potential deep into muscle fiber

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Area of calcium (CA2+) storage

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18
Q

SR stores _____

A

calcium

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19
Q

Transverse tubule carries _____ ____

A

electrical signal

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20
Q

A person who trains aerobically would have more/less mitochondria

A

More

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21
Q

How does a muscle fiber grow?

A

More myofibrils

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22
Q

Basic contractile element of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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23
Q

The full myofibril length is the length of the _____

A

sarcomere

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24
Q

Dark stripes of a sarcomere

A

A-bands

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25
Q

Light stripes of a sarcomere

A

I-band

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26
Q

Middle of the A-band

A

H-zone

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27
Q

Middle of the H-zone

A

M-band

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28
Q

Common boundary structure between the ends of the sarcomere

A

Z-line

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29
Q

Actin is thin/thick

A

thin

30
Q

Myosin is thin/thick

A

thick

31
Q

I-band contains only actin/myosin filaments

A

Actin

32
Q

A-band contains actin/myosin filaments

A

actin & myosin

33
Q

H-zone contains only actin/myosin filaments

A

myosin

34
Q

Actin is made up of _ proteins

A

3

35
Q

Proteins that make up actin:

A

Actin, tropomyosin, troponin

36
Q

The ___ protein of actin contains myosin-binding site

A

actin

37
Q

The _____ protein of actin covers the active site at rest

A

tropomyosin

38
Q

The ____ protein of actin is anchored to the actin and moves the tropomyosin

A

Troponin

39
Q

Actin is anchored at the _______

A

Z-disk

40
Q

Myosin is made up of the protein ____

A

myosin

41
Q

Myosin is essentially two intertwined filaments with _____ _____

A

globular heads

42
Q

The globular heads protrude ____ degrees from the thick filament axis

A

360

43
Q

The _______ of myosin interact with actin filaments for contraction

A

globular heads

44
Q

When the globular heads of myosin attach to actin, they form a ______

A

cross-bridge

45
Q

Myosin and actin will attach and shorten the sarcomere for a ______ ______

A

muscle contraction

46
Q

Tell me about the relaxed state of the sarcomere in the sliding filament theory

A

No actin-myosin interaction (not attached)
Actin and myosin overlap a little (troponin covers myosin binding site)

47
Q

Tell me about the contraction state of the sarcomere in the sliding filament theory

A

Myosin head attaches to binding site
Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke)
Filaments slide past each other
Sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber ALL shorten

48
Q

What happens after the power stroke?

A

Myosin detaches from active site and rotates back to OG position. The myosin then attaches to another active site farther down.

49
Q

Sarcomere contraction continues until the _____ reaches myosin filaments OR the _____ stops and calcium gets pumped back into the SR

A

Z-disk; action potential

50
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

ATP binds to the myosin head. The ATPase on the myosin head initiates the reaction ATP –> ADP + P + energy, which allows for the power stroke of the myosin head through the release of the high energy phosphate (P)

51
Q

Is ATP necessary for muscle contraction?

A

Yes

52
Q

Without ___ and ___, there would be no movement during a muscle contraction

A

Calcium; ATP (nervous control, too)

53
Q

Beyond the mechanical action described in the sliding filament theory, ______ must occur involving the nervous system

A

Excitation

54
Q

Alpha-motor neuron innervate ____ ____ and are directly responsible for ______

A

muscle fibers; excitation

55
Q

What makes up a motor unit?

A

Single a-Motor neurons + all fibers it innervates

56
Q

The more operating motor units, the more/less contractile the force.

A

More

57
Q

The site of communication between a neuron and muscle is the _____

A

neuromuscular junction

58
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction made of?

A

A synapse between a a-Motor neurons and muscle fiber

59
Q

6 steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling:

A

1.) AP starts in brain
2.) AP arrives at axon terminal, released ACh
3.) ACh crosses synpase and binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
4.) AP travels down the plasmalemma and deeper into muscle through T-tubules
5.) Triggers calcium release from SR
6.) Calcium binds to troponin, which moves the tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to actin and contract.

60
Q

In short, what role does the nervous system have in muscle contraction?

A

Triggers the release of calcium !

61
Q

What about the steps of the excitation-contraction coupling in muscle relaxation?

A

1.) AP ends, so electrical stimulation of SR stops
2.) Calcium is pumped back into SR, where it is stored until the next AP arrives
3.) Without calcium, troponin and tropomyosin return to resting conformation, which covers the myosin-binding site and prevents actin-myosin cross-bridging

62
Q

Three types of muscles:

A

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

63
Q

Which type of muscle is involuntary and is found in hollow organs

A

Smooth

64
Q

Which type of muscle is involuntary and found in the heart

A

Cardiac

65
Q

Which type of muscle is voluntary and found near the skeleton

A

Skeletal

66
Q

A tendon connects _____ to _____

A

muscle; bone

67
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath of fibrous CT surrounding the entire muscle

68
Q

Perimysium

A

Layer of CT surrounding a bundle of up to 150 fasciculi

69
Q

Fasciculi

A

Bundle of muscle fibers

70
Q

Endomysium

A

A fine layer of CT wrapping each muscle fiber

71
Q

Muscle cell

A

Cylindrical, multinucleated fiber that makes up skeletal muscle

72
Q

Muscle structures from largest to smallest:

A

Muscle
Epimysium
Perimysium
Fasciculi
Endomysium
Muscle fiber
Myofibrils

EXS 102: Exercise Physiology II (12 decks)

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