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exs 102: exercise physiology ii > Lesson 4: The Pulmonary System > Flashcards

Lesson 4: The Pulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

exchange of gases at the tissue level (between blood and tissues)

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2
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries (at the lung level)

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3
Q

Gas exchange is the delivery of ____ to and removal of ______ from the tissue

A

oxygen; CO2

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

A

Gas exchange

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5
Q

Three parts of the upper respiratory tract:

A

Nasal cavity/mouth
Pharynx (epiglottis)
Larynx (voicebox)

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6
Q

Five parts of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea (windpipe)
Primary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries

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7
Q

Elastic, thin-walled membranuous sacs

A

Alveoli

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8
Q

Why are the alveoli so thin and so multitudinous?

A

To allow for ease of diffusion (gas exchange)

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9
Q

True or false: The alveoli lie alongside a complex capillary bed for blood/gas exchange

A

True

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10
Q

Diseases that affect the elasticity of the lungs

A

Emphysema
Hyperfibrosis

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11
Q

The lungs provide the _____ for gas exchange that separates blood from the surrounding alveolar gas

A

surface

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12
Q

How many lobes on the R lung?

A

3

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13
Q

How many lobes on the L lung?

A

2

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14
Q

General process of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

O2 travels from alveolar air to alveolar capillary blood
CO2 travels from blood to alveolar air to be expired
Both occur through diffusion across the alveolar/capillary barrier

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15
Q

Lipoprotein mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions

A

Surfactant

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16
Q

Surfactant increases/decreases surface tension caused by fluid and gas interaction in the alveoli

A

increases

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17
Q

True or false: Premature babies may not have developed enough surfactant to breath on their own.

A

True

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18
Q

Reducing the _____ ____ allows the alveoli to expand more efficiently (thanks, surfactant!)

A

surface tension

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19
Q

Where is the conducting zone?

A

The trachea and terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

Does gas exchange in the conducting zone?

A

Nope! It’s an ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE

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21
Q

What is the area of gas exchange called?

A

Respiratory Zone

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22
Q

Where is the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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23
Q

Can the lung muscles contract themselves?

A

No, man. The lungs aren’t even muscles, c’mon.

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24
Q

The diaphragm is the muscular partition that separates the ____ and ______ _____

A

lungs; abdominal cavities

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25
Q

What is the major ventilatory muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

The diaphragm won which “best ____ of the year” awards for skeletal muscles?

A

Mitochondrial volume/density
Oxidative capacity of muscle fibers
Aerobic capacity

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27
Q

Steps of Inspiration from a mechanical standpoint

A

1.) Diaphragm contracts and flattens
2.) Moves downward toward the abdominal cavity
3.) External intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs
4.) Intrapulmonic pressure decreases below the atmosphere
5.) Allows air to flow into lungs

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28
Q

Steps of expiration from a mechanical standpoint:

A

1.) Diaphragm relaxes
2.) Lifts towards the thoracic cavity
3.) External intercostals relax and return the ribs to initial position
4.) Intrapulmonic pressure reduces to the atmospheric pressure
5.) Air is expired by the lungs
6.) Mainly a passive process of muscular relaxation at rest

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29
Q

Tell me about the mechanics of ventilation when expiration occurs during exercise.

A

Intercostal and abdominal muscles work forcefully on the ribs to reduce thoracic volume and make exhalation more rapid and extensive

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30
Q

Why most the muscles become more active when expiring during exercise?

A

Anaerobic systems; need more to be pushed out

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31
Q

Do the lungs move actively or passively?

A

Passively

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32
Q

What structures related to breathing may adapt with training?

A

Diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles
(not hypertrophy; more just aerobic ability)

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33
Q

Volume inspired or expired per breath

A

Tidal Volume

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34
Q

Maximum inspiration at end of tidal inspiration

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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35
Q

Maximum expiration at end of tidal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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36
Q

What is the average value of TV?

A

600mL for Men; 500mL for women

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37
Q

Volume in lungs after maximum inspiration

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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38
Q

Volume in lungs after maximum expiration

A

Residual lung volume

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39
Q

Maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration

A

Forced Vital Capacity

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40
Q

Maximum volume inspiration following tidal expiration

A

Inspiratory Capacity

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41
Q

Volume in lungs after tidal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

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42
Q

Average value for total lung capacity:

A

6000mL for men; 4200mL for women

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43
Q

Can you train to improve your total lung capacity?

A

No. Your lungs are the size they are.

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44
Q

How are static lung volumes measured?

A

Pulmonary function testing

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45
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume 1

A

Volume of gas that can be exhaled in 1 second after a maximal inspiration

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46
Q

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation

A

Evaluated ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15 seconds

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47
Q

What does FEV determine?

A

The ability of the lungs to recoil after a maximum expiration

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48
Q

True or false: Like other components of the aerobic system, regular endurance activity stimulates large increases in the functional capacity of the pulmonary system

A

FALSE

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49
Q

Lung volume is set by your ______ _____ ____

A

thoracic cavity size

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50
Q

Normal breathing rate at rest:

A

12-20 breaths per minute

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51
Q

What happens to your breathing during exercise?

A

Breathing rate increases
TV increases

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52
Q

Do TV and breathing rate increase incrementally with exercise intensity?

A

Yeah

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53
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

The portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange

54
Q

Anatomic Dead Space

A

Air that fills the upper airways but never travels further for actual alveolar ventilation

55
Q

Physiologic dead space

A

Alveoli not function appropriately in gas exchange

56
Q

What causes physiologic dead space?

A

Underperfusion of blood (hemorrhage)
Inadequate ventilation relative to alveolar surface

57
Q

Which type of dead space is normal?

A

Anatomic Dead space

58
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

breathing rate x tidal volume

59
Q

Pulmonary f

A

the volume of air breathed each minute

60
Q

increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceeds the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide needs of metabolism

A

Hyperventilation

61
Q

What is the stimulus for hyperventilation?

A

CO2 increase provides the stimulus to breathe

62
Q

An inordinate shortness of breath or subjective distress in breathing

A

Dyspnea

63
Q

Transient periods of cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

64
Q

Forced exhalation against a closed glottis while maximally activating the expiratory muscles

A

Valsalva Maneuver

65
Q

What is the glottis?

A

narrowest part of the larynx through which air passes into the trachea

66
Q

What happens to the circulatory system during the valsalva maneuver

A

Reduction in venous return to the heart due to increased intrathoracic pressure that collapses low pressure veins

67
Q

Physiologic consequences of performing the Valsalva Maneuver:

A

Dizziness
Seeing spots
passing out
dramatic drop in BP

68
Q

What is the recommended breathing pattern during strength training?

A

maintain a constant flow of expiration during contraction and inspiration during relaxation

69
Q

Partial pressure

A

individual pressure of a gas within a particular mixture of gases

70
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure?

A

percentage concentration of a specific gas x total pressure of gas mixture

71
Q

True or false: Partial pressures remain constant, regardless of environment and location in the body

A

False; partial pressures can vary based on environment and location in the body

72
Q

Another word for the outside or surrounding air is ______

A

ambient

73
Q

Ambient air is composed mostly of ______

A

nitrogen

74
Q

Air saturates with water vapor after entering the nasal cavity/mouth and down the respiratory tract

A

Tracheal air

75
Q

Tell me something about tracheal air

A

WARM and WET

76
Q

What is the point of tracheal air’s existence?

A

Dilutes the gas mixture somewhat and causes a reduction in O2 partial pressure

77
Q

Partial pressure O2 of tracheal air

A

149 mmHg

78
Q

Compared to ambient air, alveolar air has more ______ and less _____

A

CO2; O2

79
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures, depending on their solubility in the specific fluids and depending on the temperature.

80
Q

What two factors determine diffusion into a liquid?

A

The pressure differential between the gas above the fluid and the gas dissolved in the fluid
The solubility of the gas in the fluid
(Henry’s Law)

81
Q

Pressure Differential

A

The pressure difference between alveolar and pulmonary blood gas creates the driving force for gas diffusion across the pulmonary membrane

82
Q

For two different gases of identical pressures, the _______ of the gas determines the number of molecules that will move into the fluid

A

solubility

83
Q

The greater solubility, the more/fewer molecules that will move into the liquid

A

more

84
Q

CO2 has a greater ______ than O2, but O2 will have a greater ________

A

solubility; pressure differential

85
Q

True or false: Exchange of gases between the lungs/blood and gas movement at the tissue level occurs passively through diffusion and pressure gradients

A

True

86
Q

Gases will move from areas of_____ __ ___ pressure

A

high to low

87
Q

What two ways does blood carry oxygen?

A

1) In physical solution dissolved in plasma of the blood
2) In loose combination with Hemoglobin within the red blood cell

88
Q

O2 is relatively ________ in water making its concentration high/low in bodily fluids

A

insoluble; low

89
Q

Most of the oxygen in the blood is carried by the plasma/hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin

90
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

iron-containing globular protein contained within the red blood cells that carries O2

91
Q

decrease in number of red blood cells or hemoglobin

A

Anemia

92
Q

Pulmonary symptoms of anemia

A

Fatigue
Light-headedness
Dyspnea

93
Q

What kind of anemia is particularly prevalent among endurance athletes?

A

iron-deficiency

94
Q

Tell me about iron-deficiency anemia

A

Reduction in iron content of the blood significantly limits O2 carrying capacity in regards to hemoglobin

95
Q

O2 dissociation from hemoglobin increases/decreases with increased blood acidity and temperature.

A

increases

96
Q

The Bohr Effect

A

A shift both downward and to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve due to increases in acidity and/or temperature in the blood

97
Q

When is an instance when an increase in body temperature and acidity levels happen?

A

Aerobic exercise

98
Q

As exercise intensity increases and more heat, CO2, and acidity increases, more O2 _________

A

is able to be extracted by muscle tissue

99
Q

An attraction or force between particles that causes them to combine, as the attraction between an antigen and an antibody.\

A

Affinity

100
Q

the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood and mixed-venous blood

A

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-vO2) difference

101
Q

The greater the a-VO2 difference, the greater the driving force for ______ (will move from high to low pressure)

A

oxygen delivery

102
Q

If you are training for a bike race, you should probably bike a lot so that the metabolic changes will occur specific to that.

A

Big brain there, buddy

103
Q

CO2 transport in the blood

A

1) A small amount of physical solution in plasma as free carbon dioxide

~ 5% of carbon dioxide formed during energy metabolism travels in physical solution

2) As plasma bicarbonate

~ 60-80% of the total carbon dioxide exists as plasma bicarbonate

3) Carbon Dioxide transport as carbamino compounds

~ 20% is carried on the hemoglobin as a carbamino compound

104
Q

3 Ventilation regulation factors

A

Neural
Humoral
Chemoreceptors

105
Q

_______ ______ within the medulla (in brain) govern the normal respiratory cycle and activate the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

Inspiratory Neurons

106
Q

Inspiratory neurons will cease firing based on _______ or ______

A

self-limitations; inhibitory effects of expiratory neurons

107
Q

What exerts the greatest control of pulmonary ventilation at rest?

A

The chemical state of blood

108
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are the primary site to detect _____ ______

A

arterial hypoxia

109
Q

Where are the PO2 and peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in the Aorta and carotid arteries before the brain

110
Q

At rest, _______ _____ ____ ______ provides the most important respiratory stimulus

A

CO2 pressure in arterial plasma

111
Q

Small changes in the CO2 pressure in arterial plasma trigger large increases in ______ _____

A

minute ventilation

112
Q

A drop in __ (increase in _____) of the blood will cause an increase in inspiratory activity varies directly with CO2 accumulation

A

pH; acidity

113
Q

3 factors of Regulation of Ventilation During Physical Activity

A

1.) Chemical mechanisms
2.) Non-chemical mechanisms
3.) Integrated Regulation

114
Q

During light and moderate activity, ___ __________ and ____ _______ closely match pulmonary ventilation

A

O2 consumption; CO2 production

115
Q

With strenuous/vigorous exercise, there is likely added ______, ___, and the coinciding increase in ______, which leads to an additional stimulus to increase breathing

A

lactate; CO2; acidity

116
Q

Neural/chemical changes will occur more quickly than neural/chemical changes

A

neural; chemical

117
Q

Neural outflow from the motor cortex and activation in anticipation of activity stimulate an abrupt increase in ventilation

A

Ye

118
Q

Neural factors of regulating ventilation during exercise

A

Motor Cortex
Peripheral Sensors (fine-tune)

119
Q

True or False: sensory input from joints, muscles, and tendons stimulate a respiratory response (similar to our proprioceptors we learned about previously)

A

True

120
Q

During light-to-moderate activity ventilation ______ _____ with O2 usage and CO2 production

A

increases linearly

121
Q

When you reach your pulmonary threshold, minute ventilation at this point increases mainly through ____ ______

A

tidal volume

122
Q

At progressively more intense submaximal effort, minute ventilation increases sharply upward and disproportionate to O2 consumption

A
123
Q

the point where pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately relative to increases in O2 consumption

A

Pulmonary Threshold

124
Q

The “excess ventilation” during intense exercise comes from ______

A

CO2 released from lactate buffering with greater glycolysis

125
Q

What does our breathing rate increase with exercise?

A

To get rid of the CO2!!!!!!!!

126
Q

True or false: O2 requirement of breathing remains relatively small at rest and light to moderate activity

A

True

127
Q

O2 requirement of breathing increases to up to __% of the total blood flow required to maintain breathing with maximal exercise

A

15

128
Q

What tissues related to breathing may require this additional blood flow with maximal exercise?

A
129
Q

How is the energy cost of breathing affected in COPD?

A

Inadequate ventilation and gas exchange

130
Q
A

exs 102: exercise physiology ii (12 decks)

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