Lesson 7: Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 major endocrine organs?
A
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal glands
2
Q
What are 4 non-endocrine hormone-producing tissues?
A
Pancreas
Gonads
Hypothalamus
Adipose Tissue
3
Q
What is the “master” endocrine gland?
A
Pituitary gland
4
Q
Endocrine System Organization
A
Host organ (gland)
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Target (receptor) organ
5
Q
Chemical substances synthesized by specific host glands that enter the bloodstream for transport throughout the body
A
Hormones
6
Q
Two categories of hormones:
A
Steroid derived hormones
Amine & Polypeptide hormones
7
Q
Amine and polypeptide hormones are synthesized from ______
A
amino acids
8
Q
In contrast to steroid derived hormones, anime and polypeptide hormones are soluble in _____
A
plasma
9
Q
What is a benefit for hormones to be soluble in plasma?
A
allows for easy uptake at target sites
10
Q
Half-life
A
The time it takes a hormone’s blood concentration to reduce by one-half
11
Q
The half-life of a hormone provides an indication of _______
A
how long a hormone’s effect persists
12
Q
What are the two types of amine hormones?
A
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
13
Q
Examples of peptide hormones
A
Insulin, glucagon, letptin, etc
14
Q
Examples of steroid hormones
A
Androgens, DHEA, cortisol
15
Q
Examples of catecholamines
A
epinephrine; norepinephrine
16
Q
Example of thyroid hormone
A
Thyroxine
17
Q
Peptide hormones have a short/long half-life
A
short
18
Q
Steroid hormones have a short/long half-life
A
Long
19
Q
Catecholamines have a short/long half-life
A
Short
20
Q
Thyroid hormones have a short/long half-life
A
Long
21
Q
Hormones alter cellular reactions in 4 ways:
A
- Modify rate of intracellular protein synthesis by stimulating nuclear DNA
- Change the rate of enzyme activity
- Alter plasma membrane transport via a second-messenger system
- Induce secretory activity
22
Q
What is the first step in initiating hormone action?
A
Hormone-receptor binding
23
Q
The extent of the target cell’s activation depends on three things:
A
- Hormone concentration in the blood
- Number of target cell receptors for the hormone
- Sensitivity of the union between the hormone and receptor
24
Q
Which type of diabetes causes trouble with the hormone concentration in the blood?
A
1
25
Which type of diabetes causes trouble with number of target receptors and sensitivity of the union between the hormone and the receptor?
2
26
What happens during up-regulation?
Target cells form more receptors in response to increasing hormone levels to increase the hormone's effect
27
What happens during down-regulation?
A loss of receptors to prevent target cells from over responding to chronically high hormone levels to decrease the hormone's effect
28
How do hormones alter enzyme activity and transport?
1. stimulate enzyme production
2. combine with enzymes to alter its shape and decrease/increase its effectiveness
3. activates inactive enzyme forms to increase the total amount of active enzymes
29
_____ facilitates glucose transport into the cell
insulin
30
_________ inhibits insulin release
Epinephrine
31
True or false: Hormone secretion adjusts rapidly to meet the demands of changing body conditions
True
32
Four factors determine hormone concentration:
1. amount synthesized by the host gland
2. rate of secretion into the blood
3. quantity of transport proteins present
4. plasma volume changes
33
Most hormones respond to stimuli on as _________ in response to stimuli
as needed basis
34
Some hormones release at _______ during a ________
regular intervals; 24 hour cycle
35
True or false: each category of hormones follows a uniform release pattern
FALSE; will vary based on the individual hormone
36
Some hormones follow cycling patterns that span ________ or the course of a ____
several weeks; day
37
Testosterone promotes __ release and ___ synthesis
GH; IGF
38
Which 6 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?
Lactogen
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH/LH)
ACTH
Thyrotropin
GH
Endorphins
39
What three things are achieved by GH?
Increased amino acid transport
Increased protein synthesis
Slows CHO breakdown and increased use of fat as energy
40
Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased amount of ___ secreted
GH
41
Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased release of GH with extended _____
half-lives
42
Acute aerobic exercise leads to an increased preservation of ______ _______ concentrations, which leads to enhanced prolonged exercise performance
plasma glucose
43
IGF stands for
Insulin-like growth factor
44
___ mediates many of GH's effects, acting as an intermediary messenger
IGF
45
IGH provides for potent peripheral effects on _______ ____ and other tissues
motor units
46
IGF is synthesized by _____ ____ in response to GH stimulation
liver cells
47
ACTH stands for
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
48
ACTH enhances _____ mobilization, increases ________, and stimulates protein synthesis/breakdown
fatty-acid; gluconeogenesis; breakdown
49
ACTH is difficult to measure, but increases/decreases with exercise intensity or duration
increases
50
ADH stands for
anti-diuretic hormone
51
___ influences water excretion by the kidneys
ADH
52
ADH action limites production of large volumes of _____
urine
53
ADH leads to reabsorption of _____ in the kidney tubules
water
54
True or false: Acute aerobic exercise is a potent stimulus for ADH secretion
True
55
During acute aerobic exercise, what does ADH do?
conserves body fluids during exercise in hot environments (stimulated by sweating)
56
T4
Thyroxine
57
T3
Triiodothyronine
58
The "major metabolic hormones" are stimulated by _____
thyroid-stimulating hormone production of the anterior pituitary
59
True or false: Thyroid hormones are soluble in plasma
False
60
Because thyroid hormones are insoluble in plasma, they must be bound to _____ _______
carrier proteins
61
T4 release has a significant impact on ___
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
62
Abnormally low secretion of T4 leads to _______
weight gain
63
During aerobic exercise, free T4 increases by __%
35
64
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
Increased VO2 and metabolic heat production at rest
Increased protein catabolism and weakness/weight loss
Heightened reflex activity and psychological disturbances
Tachycardia
65
Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Reduced metabolic rate
Cole intolerance
Decreased protein synthesis (brittle nails, thinning hair, dry skin)
Fatigued, depressed reflex activity
Slow speech
Bradycardia
66
PTH stands for
Parathyroid hormone
67
___ controls blood calcium balance
PTH
68
A decrease in _____ _____ stimulates the release of PTH
blood calcium
69
PTH activates bone reabsorbing cells called ________
osteoclasts
70
True or false: Exercise may increase PTH release
True
71
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Above each kidney
72
Adrenal glands are composed of two parts:
Medulla
Cortex
73
The _____ of the adrenal glands makes up part of the sympathetic nervous system
Medulla
74
The medulla of the adrenal gland acts to prolong and augment _________ nervous system effects
Sympathetic
75
Which hormones does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?
Epinepherine
Norepinepherine
76
Within the adrenal medulla, norepinepherine increases exponentially at ____ VO2 max
50% or greater
77
Within the adrenal medulla, epinepherine is unchanged until it intensities at ____ VO2max
75% or greater
78
Within the adrenal medulla, the catecholamines aid in mobilizing ____ from the liver and fatty acids from adipose tissue
glucose
79
The adrenal cortex produces which four hormones?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Estrogen
80
The release of adrenal cortex hormones leads to an increase in _______ and _____
Blood volumes; BP
81
The effect of aldosterone will typically occur during aerobic exercise of at least ___ minutes
45
82
The "stress" hormone
Cortisol
83
The secretion of cortisol increases with _____
stress
84
Cortisol promotes the breakdown of proteins into amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the _____
liver
85
Cortisol supports other hormones in the _______ process
gluconeogenesis
86
Cortisol serves as an _____ ______, which halts glucose from entering the cell
insulin antagonist
87
Cortisol promotes _______ breakdown in adipose tissue to glycerol/fatty acids
triacyglycerol
88
______ suppresses immune system function
Cortisol ('cause now we're stressed out)
89
Cortisol produces a negative/positive calcium balance
negative
90
Cortisol production will increase/decrease with activity intensity
increase
91
Cortisol levels may remain elevated up to _ hours post exercise, suggesting a potential role in tissue repair/recovery
2
92
True or false: Distinct male or female hormones exist
False
93
Hormones vary in their type/concentration between the sexes
concentration
94
______ is the most important secretion from the male testes
Testosterone
95
_____ are the primary hormones secreted by the female ovaries
Estrogens
96
Testosterone initiates _____ production
sperm
97
______ stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
98
Testosterone will convert to ______ in peripheral tissue to maintain bone structure
estrogen
99
How does testosterone affect neurotransmitter release and the neuromuscular junction?
Increase NT release
Increase NMJ size
100
There is an increased ______ concentration in untrained males after 15-20min of moderate aerobic exercise or resistance exercise
plasma
101
True or false: Plasma concentration also increases in females with exercise, but only 1/10 the concentration of that in males.
True
102
What are the primary estrogen hormones?
Estradiol
Progesterone
103
What is the purpose of estrogen?
Regulate ovulation, menstruation, and pregnancy adjustments
104
Will exercise increase estradiol and progesterone levels?
Yep. Shocker.
105
Estrogens may even affect metabolism in these two ways:
increase free fatty acid metabolism
Inhibition of muscular glucose uptake
106
______ regulates glucose entry into all tissues
Insulin
107
Insulin will be released in response to elevated or decreased ________ levels
blood glucose
108
With prolonged steady-state aerobic exercise, the concentration of insulin below resting concentration increases/decreases
decreases
109
What in the huh is a GLUT?
Glucose Transport Protein
110
GLUT-1 will provide for most glucose transport with exercise/at rest
at rest
111
GLUT-4 will provide for most glucose transport with exercise/at rest
with exercise
112
Diabetes
Subgroup of disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to an insulin abnormality
113
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Glucose in urine
Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Extreme hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Increased fatigue
Irritability
Blurry vision
Numbness or tingling in the extremities
Slow-healing wounds or sores
Abnormally high frequency of infection
114
Type 1 Diabetes
Absolute deficiency of insulin that develops early in life
115
Type II diabetes
relative insulin resistance and deficiency that develops later in life and relates to obesity, diet, and sedentary living
116
What is the purpose of prolactin?
Initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands
117
Levels of prolactin increase with what type of activity?
High intensity
118
PRL stands for...
Prolactin
119
Repeated release of PRL may inhibit ________ and lead to alterations in ____ ______ with intense training in females
ovarian function; menstrual cycle
120
As blood glucose goes up, release of insulin goes up/down
up
121
As blood glucose levels go down, release of insulin goes up/down
down
122
As exercise duration increases, plasma and insulin levels go down and ___ is used for energy instead
fat
123
If the intensity increases by 75% or more of our VO2 max, insulin levels will increase/decrease
increase (spike back up)
124
What is the test used to find diabetes?
Hemoglobin A1c Test
125
When blood glucose becomes uncontrolled, the excess glucose enters RBCs and links to ______
hemoglobin
126
The more excess blood glucose, the more/less hemoglobin will be saturated
more
127
For a hemoglobin A1c test, anything above ___% is considered diabetic
6.5
128
Which type of diabetes can be improved with exercise?
Type II
129
Results of exercise in those with Type II Diabetes
Improved glucose tolerance
Increased insulin sensitivity
Decreased HgbA1c
130
The risk of ______ does exist in individuals taking insulin or some oral medications when exercising
hypoglycemia (please check your BG levels before and after you exercise)
131
The Metabolic Syndrome
Cluster of risk factors that correlate increase risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and diabetes
132
5 symptoms of The Metabolic Syndrome
Elevated blood glucose
Overweight with a large waist girth
High triacyglycerols
Low levels of HDLs
Hypertension
133
Can all the factors of The Metabolic Syndrome be controlled by exercise?
Yeah...exercise seems to be the answer to everything, hehe...
134
In general, the magnitude of hormonal secretion to an absolute exercise load will increase/decrease with chronic endurance training
decrease
135
Response of GH to chronic aerobic training
No effect on resting values
Less dramatic rise during exercise
136
Response of ACTH to chronic aerobic training
Increase release during exercise
Increase fat catabolism and spares glycogen to enhance prolonged exercise performance
137
Response of PRL to chronic aerobic training
Resting levels reduced with repeated, high intensity training
138
Response of ADH to chronic aerobic training
Slightly reduced levels at a given absolute workload between trained and untrained
No change when intensity is relative to fitness level
139
Response of PTH to chronic aerobic training
Endurance training enhances exercise-related increases in PTH
Potentially related to preservation of bone mass with weight-bearing exercise in the elderly
140
Response of the thyroid hormones to chronic aerobic training
Increased turnover of T3 and T4 during exercise
141
What is turnover?
How quickly a hormone can bind to a receptor, be released, and then bind again
142
Response of aldosterone to chronic aerobic training
N/A
143
Response of cortisol to chronic aerobic training
Plasma levels increase less in trained individuals at the same absolute intensity
Repeated bouts of intense training actually leads to enlargement of the adrenal gland
144
Response of the catecholamines to chronic aerobic training
Decreased secretion at rest and with training at the same absolute intensity as untrained
Increased release post-training at relative intensities
145
Why is there an increased release of the catecholamines post-training?
Greater need for substrate use, increased cardiac output, larger muscle mass activation
146
Response of insulin to chronic aerobic training
Increased cell sensitivity to insulin
Normal decrease in insulin with acute exercise is reduced with training
147
Type II Diabetics show an increase in _____ sensitivity in response to chronic aerobic exercise
insulin
148
Response of gonadal hormones to chronic aerobic training
Reduction in reproductive hormones in women and men
149
True or false: Men may have an increase in testosterone with long-term strength training
True
150
Early-phase adaptations to resistance training reflect a hormonal response that mediates _______ ____ adaptations to improve strength
neuromuscular system
151
______ and ___ are two hormones that affect resistance training adaptations
Testosterone; GH
152
Testosterone augments __ release and interacts with the _______ system to increase strength
GH; nervous
153
Why do men achieve hypertrophy more often than women?
Resistance training in men displays an increase in frequency and amplitude of testosterone and GH secretion not seen in females
154
Most effective methods to increase testosterone release through resistance training methods such as...
Intense activation of large-muscle groups with dead-lifts, power cleans, etc.
High-volume training with multiple sets
155
Long-term resistance training in men increases resting _____ levels
testosterone
156
Prolonged exhaustive/moderate physical activity boosts natural immune function and host defenses for up to several hours
moderate
157
Prolonged exhaustive/moderate exercise severely depresses the body's first line of defense against infection
Prolonged exhaustive
158
True or false: Upper respiratory tract infections are common after intense training
True
159
Chronic aerobic exercise training positively affects ______ ______ function
natural immune
160
True or false: strength training significantly improves long-term immune system function
False. It doesn't do ANYTHING.
161
What are four ways to improve immunity?
Well-balanced diet
Reducing stress
Adequate sleep
Regular physical activity and exercise
162
How does exercise reduce risk of cancer?
Increased capacity of cells that inhibit cancer cell growth
improved antioxidant function
altered endocrine function
body composition changes
improved intestinal transit time (take that, colon cancer!)
