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General Veterinary Microbiology > Lesson 14: Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Lesson 14: Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

is the science of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

it includes the study of genes and information it carries

A

genetics

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3
Q

is the genetic information that a cell carry that includes chromosomes and plasmid

A

genome

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4
Q

are containing DNA that carry hereditary information

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

carry the genes

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

are segments of DNA that code for functional products

A

Genes

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7
Q

is a macromolecule composed of repeating units called ____________.

A

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleotides

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8
Q

What is genetics?

A

✓ science of heredity
✓ study of genes and information it carries

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9
Q

genetic information that a cell carry that includes?

A

chromosomes and plasmid

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10
Q

are segments of DNA that code for functional products except?

A

RNA viruses

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11
Q

what are the nitrogenous base?

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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12
Q

deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar

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13
Q

each nucleotide consist of what?

A

nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phosphate group

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14
Q

the cell DNA exist as long strands of nucleotides twisted together in pairs to form a?

A

double helix

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15
Q

base pair of thymine

A

adenine

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16
Q

base pair of cytosine

A

guanine

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17
Q

these strands have two designated ends called?

A

5’ and 3’ (5 prime end and 3 prime end

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18
Q

which joins a phosphate group that attaches to another nucleotide

A

5’ or 5 prime end

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19
Q

it is important during replication the new nucleotide is added to this end

A

3’ or 3 prime end

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20
Q

genetic makeup of an organism that codes for all its characteristics. It is the collection of genes.

A

Genotype

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21
Q

is the actual expressed properties of an organism or the MANIFESTATION OF A GENOTYPE

A

phenotype

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22
Q

Due to this advancement in microbiology that some important diseases like ___________ were investigated and tracked around the world

A

west nile virus

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23
Q

the flow of genetic information from one generation to the next is made possible through the?

A

DNA replication, or mRNA transcription

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24
Q

the two strands uncoil and permanently separate from each other

A

DNA replication

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25
The base sequence of parent or old strand directs the base sequence of new or daughter strand
- If there is Adenine in the parent or old strand, complementary thymine will be added to the new strand. - If there is Cytosine in the parent or old strand, complementary Guanine will be copied into the new daughter strand
26
before the DNA synthesis begins, both the parental strands must unwind due to an enzyme called?
topoisomerase or gyrase
27
short sequences of RNA, around 10 nucleotides in length
Primers
28
synthesizes the primers
primase
29
New nucleotides are added one by one to the end of growing strand by an enzyme called?
DNA polymerase
30
the strand, which is synthesized in the same direction as the replication fork is known as the?
leading strand
31
the strand being synthesized in the other direction
lagging strand
32
the polymerase has to synthesise one fragment of DNA thus creating many fragments as it moves towards the replication form. these fragments are known as?
Okazaki fragments
33
Okazaki fragments named after the scientist, who discovered them
Reiji Okazaki
34
used to make proteins that controls cell activities
information in a DNA
35
wherein genetic information in DNA is copied or transcribed into a complimentary base sequence of RNA
Transcription
36
The encoded information is then used by cell to synthesize protein
translation
37
synthesis of a complimentary strand of RNA from a DNA template
Transcription
38
what are the three types of RNA in a bacterial cell?
✓ messenger RNA ✓ ribosomal RNA ✓ transfer RNA
39
carries the coded information for making specific proteins from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
40
RNA synthesis starts at a site in the strand called ___________ until it reaches a site on the DNA called __________.
promoter terminator
41
proteins synthesis is called?
translation
42
it decodes and translates the genetic codes (codons) made during transcription into specific proteins which consists of a series of amino acids.
translation
43
codes into a particular amino acid
sense codons
44
signal the ends of protein synthesis thus it is called stop codons
nonsense codons
45
site of translation
ribosomes
46
is a regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression and decreases synthesis of enzymes.
repression
47
is the process that turns on the transcription of a gene
induction
48
is a change in the base sequence of a DNA which sometimes cause a change in the end-product (protein)
mutation
49
types of mutation
✓ base mutation ✓ missense mutation ✓ frame-shift mutation
50
(point mutation) a single base in one point of a DNA is replaced with another base.
base mutation
51
happens when as a result of base mutation, an incorrect amino acid is inserted into the synthesized protein
missense mutation
52
when one or a few nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted in the DNA
frame-shift mutation
53
are environmental agents that directly or indirectly cause mutations
mutagens
54
Chemical Mutagens Examples;
✓ nitrous acid ✓ nucleoside analog ✓ aflatoxin
55
exposure of bacteria to nitrous acid can convert the base adenine (A) to a form no longer unpairable with thymine at a random location
nitrous acid
56
also have altered base-pairing property
nucleoside analog
57
a frame-shift mutagen and also a potent carsinogen
aflatoxin
58
Radiation Examples
✓ x-rays and gamma rays ✓ ultraviolet (uv) light
59
are potent mutagens due to their ability to ionize atoms and molecules
X-rays and Gamma rays
60
is harmful (at 260 nm wavelength) due to its ability to form covalent bonds between bases.
ultraviolet (uv) light
61
due to UV light can be repaired by photolyases or light repair enzymes by destroying covalent bonds to return its original sequence
Ultraviolet (UV) light
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is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on chromosome that results to a genetic diversity in a population.
genetic recombination
63
occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring (plants and animals). parent to daughter
vertical gene transfer
64
occurs in a bacteria in several ways. The transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its DNA to a recipient cell
Horizontal gene transfer
65
the recipient cell that incorporates donor DNA to its own DNA
recombinant
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Genetic recombination results from the three types of gene transfer; what are these?
1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction
67
is tha transfer of genes from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA in a solution.
Transformation
68
mechanism by which genetic material is transferred by a plasmid. It Requires cell to cell contact, only donor cell must carry the plasmid
conjugation
69
is a circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosome.
plasmid
70
is a genetic transfer wherein bacteria DNA is transferred from a donor cell to recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria called BACTERIOPHAGE, OR PHAGE.
transduction
71
is an extra chromosomal genetic element that is capable of autonomous replication in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
Plasmid
72
plasmids integrated with host chromosome are known as?
episomes
73
Plasmid are present in both;
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
74
transfer antibiotic resistant genes to some organism
R plasmids
75
Many plasmids control medically important properties of pathogenic bacteria. These include;
a. resistance to one or several antibiotics b. production of toxins c. synthesis of cell surface structures required for adherence or colonization
76
2 categories of plasmid
1. transmissibility 2. nature of plasmid
77
cell to cell genetic transfer through conjugation. Responsible for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the synthesis of enzymes required for their transfer
transmissible
78
empty of genes, thus unable to transfer
non-transmissible
79
contains the genetic information, essential for controlling mating process of the bacteria during conjugation.
F factor
80
F factor genes determine;
a. expression of pili b. synthesis and transfer of DNA during mating c. interference with the ability of F bacteria to serve as recipients d. other example. Ex. F (fertility) plasmid of E. coli
81
R factor consists of two components:
✓ the resistance transfer factor (RTF) ✓ resistant determinant (r)
82
is responsible for conjugational transfer
(RTF) Resistance transfer factor
83
carries resistance for one of the several antibiotics
r determinant
84
resembles the F factor in promoting conjugation, leading to self-transfer and also at times transfer of segments of chromosomes
col factor
85
encodes for production of colicins, which are antibiotics-like substances that are specifically and selectively lethal to other enteric bacteria
col factor
86
col factor also encode for production of;
✓ diphthericin and pyocyanin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and pseudomonas pyocyanea

General Veterinary Microbiology (17 decks)

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