Lesson 7: Bacterial Morphology and Fine Structure

Question 1

meaning berries, usually round but can either be oval, elongated, spherical or elliptical shape.

Answer 1

cocci

Question 2

either they may remain as a single cell or may aggregate together for various configurations

Answer 2

cocci

Question 3

represented by single, discrete round cell

Answer 3

monococcus

Question 4

divides but the cells remain attached to each other

Answer 4

diplococcus

Question 5

here the cells are repeatedly in one plane to form chain of cells

Answer 5

streptococcus

Question 6

this consist of four round cells, which divide in two planes at right angles to one another and remain in group of four.

Answer 6

tetracoccus

Question 7

here the cells are divided into three planes forming a structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration

Answer 7

staphylococcus

Question 8

these cells divide in three planes but but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape.

Answer 8

sarcina

Question 9

these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or in pairs.

Answer 9

bacilli

Question 10

appear in pairs after cell division

Answer 10

diplobacilli

Question 11

occurs in chain after cell division

Answer 11

streptobacilli

Question 12

oval shaped similar to cocci

Answer 12

coccobacilli

Question 13

curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus.

Answer 13

vibro

Question 14

spiral or spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella witb fairly rigid bodies

Answer 14

spirilla

Question 15

helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

Answer 15

spirochete

Question 16

(meaning sugar coat) are viscous substances that surrounds the cell composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both

Answer 16

glycocalyx

Question 17

functions of glycolcalyx

Answer 17

1. enables bacteria to survive by attaching
2. bacterial source of energy when supply is low
3. protection to host cell by attaching to surface

Question 18

the substance is organized, is firmly attached to the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells

Answer 18

capsule form

Question 19

the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall

Answer 19

slime layer form

Question 20

(singular: flagellum meaning whip) are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Answer 20

flagella

Question 21

three basic parts of flagella

Answer 21

filament
hook
basal body

Question 22

long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix

Answer 22

filament

Question 23

where filament is attached to

Answer 23

hook

Question 24

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

Answer 24

basal body

Question 25

the movement, which is can be presented in different pattern

Answer 25

motility

Question 26

bacterium moves in one direction

Answer 26

run or swim

Question 27

periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

Answer 27

tumbles

Question 28

rapid wavelike movement

Answer 28

swarm

Question 29

also called endoflagella present in spirochetes like borrelia burgdorferi that causes lyme disease.

Answer 29

axial filaments

Question 30

are actually bundled fibrils that arise at one end of spirochetes and spiral around it.

Answer 30

filaments

Question 31

is a type of a protein called pilin.

Answer 31

fimbriae

Question 32

it is a numerous hair like appendages that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surfaces.

Answer 32

fimbriae

Question 33

is another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per bacterium

Answer 33

pili

Question 34

helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another

Answer 34

pili

Question 35

is a semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment

Answer 35

bacterial cell

Question 36

functions of the bacterial wall

Answer 36

1. prevents rupture of the cell 2. maintain shape or cell 3. anchors flagella 4. contributes to the virulence of the bacteria 5. site of action of some antibiotics 6. the chemical composition of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria

Question 37

the bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of network of ___________

Answer 37

peptidoglycan (also called murein)

Question 38

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure.

Answer 38

gram positive bacteria

Question 39

provide the antigenic capacity of the bacteria making ot possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.

Answer 39

teichoic acids

Question 40

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation

Answer 40

gram negative bacteria

Question 41

its cell wall (outer portion) is composed of

Answer 41

lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) lipoproteins and phospholipids

Question 42

functions of lipopolysaccharide

Answer 42

1. evades phagocytosis and cell lysis 2. barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes 3. passage of molecules thru porin channels

Question 43

specifically, the LPS functions are;

Answer 43

1. provides antigenic capacity of bacteria 2. causes physiological effects when present in the bloodstream

Question 44

causes physiological effects when present in the bloodstream. what are these?

Answer 44

toxicity sepsis fever shock death

Question 45

there are bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of

Answer 45

mycolic acid

Question 46

can be stained with a carbolfuchsin which resist removal with acid alcohol thus called?

Answer 46

acid-fast bacteria

Question 47

there is also what we call atypical cell walls having no cell or with very little wall material

Answer 47

mycoplasma sp.

Question 48

composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows

Answer 48

lipid bilayer

Question 49

Passive Process include

Answer 49

1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis

Question 50

Active Processes include

Answer 50

1. Active Transport 2. Group Translocation

Question 51

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 51

simple diffusion

Question 52

same with simple diffusion but substances are transported across the membrane via transporter

Answer 52

Facilitated diffusion

Question 53

movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 53

osmosis

Question 54

the cells uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without altering the substance.

Answer 54

active transport

Question 55

a special type of active that alters the substance being transported across membrane.

Answer 55

group translocation

Question 56

located in cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contains double-stranded DNA for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid

Answer 56

nuclear area

Question 57

the substance inside the plasma membrane composed mainly of water and others substances like proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids

Answer 57

cytoplasm

Question 58

it is important in gene manipulation of bacteria

Answer 58

plasmid

Question 59

present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites for protein synthesis

Answer 59

ribosomes

Question 60

are iron oxide that acts like magnet to move until attachment site

Answer 60

magnetosomes

Question 61

these are specialized resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when bacterial cell goes into vegetative state in a process called sporulation

Answer 61

endospore