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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 15 - heart and circulation : central > Flashcards

LESSON 15 - heart and circulation : central Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what are the four major parts of the cardiovascular system ?

A
  1. heart “pump”
  2. arteries “outflow conduits”
  3. capillaries “drop/pickup site”
  4. veins “return flow conduits”
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2
Q

how many chambers are there of the heart ?

A

four

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3
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart ?

A

right and left atria (top receiving)
right and left ventricles (bottom pumping)

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4
Q

what type of circulation is the right circulation ?

A

pulmonary

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5
Q

what type of circulation is the left circulation ?

A

systemic

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6
Q

what type of blood does the right heart pump

A

pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

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7
Q

how does the right heart circulate blood ?

A

superior/inferior vena cavae → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs

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8
Q

how does the left heart circulate blood ?

A

lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aortic valve → aorta

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9
Q

what type of blood does the left heart pump ?

A

oxygenated blood from lungs to body

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10
Q

how do cardiac muscles contract ?

A

contracts as one single unit

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11
Q

how are individual cardiac muscles fibers interconnected ?

A

end-to-end by intercalated dics

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12
Q

what type of fibers are present in cardiac muscle ?

A

only one fiber type, similar type 1 fibers in skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is the primary blood supply to heart ?

A

by coronary arteries which arise from aorta

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14
Q

what do cardiac veins return ?

A

deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood to …

A

the inferior and superior vena cavae

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16
Q

how do we match O2 supply with O2 demand ?

A

moves simultaneously together

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17
Q

why does the heart generate pressure ?

A

to drive oxygenated blood through vessels to skeletal muscle

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18
Q

the heart is driven by the deans of active skeletal muscle for O2 but also :

A
  • removes CO2 and other wastes
  • transports hormones and other molecules
  • supports temperature balance and controls fluid regulation
  • maintains acid-base balance
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19
Q

when matching systemic VO2 supply with O2 demand what is the formula ? O2 =

A

VO2 = CO x a-vO2diference

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20
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV

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21
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

how much blood is pumping out per min

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22
Q

what does increase O2 mean for CO ?

A

increase CO

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23
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

cardiac output relates closely to O2 by a ratio of ____

A

6 : 1

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24
Q

what is fick’s principal ?

A

VO2 = CO x a-vO2difference

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25
what is heart rate ?
the # of times the heart contracts in 1 min (beats/min)
26
how many mechanisms does the cardiac muscle possess by which rhythm is controlled ?
two
27
what are the two mechanisms the cardiac muscle posses ?
1. intrinsic control and 2. extrinsic control
28
what is intrinsic control ?
cardiac muscle has ability to generate its own electrical signal (spontaneous rhythmicity)
29
what establishes sinus rhythm ?
pacemaker (SA node)
30
without external control what does intrinsic control average ?
100 beats per min (transplant)
31
what is extrinsic control ?
system that modulates intrinsic electric impulses and causes heart to speed up (anticipation) or speed down
32
is it intrinsic or extrinsic that adjusts HR to 35 to 30 beats min -1 at rest in endurance athletes ?
extrinsic
33
in extrinsic control, during maximal effort, HR can hit ___- beats per min ?
220
34
whats the simplest difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control ?
Intrinsic comes from within, while extrinsic arises from external factors
35
(intrinsic control) from within the heart include what four things ?
- SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
36
what does the SA node do ?
sets pace (pacemaker)
37
what does the AV node do ?
calms it down to happy level
38
anything outside of the heart is intrinsic or extrinsic ?
extrinsic (ex. working out, muscles, brain, telling the heart to speed up)
39
describe the normal route of myocardial impulse transmission of intrinsic regulation of HR ...
SA node → atria → AV node → AV bundle (purkinje fibers) → ventricles
40
what part of the intrinsic control "spontaneously depolarizes and reploarizes to provide "innate" heart stimulus"
Sinoatrial node (SA)
41
what part of the intrinsic control "delays impulse about 0.10 sec to provide sufficient time for atria to contract and dolce blood into ventricles"
atriventrical (AV) node
42
what part of the intrinsic control "speeds up impulses rapidly through ventricles"
purkinje fibers
43
what are the three extrinsic systems that module heart rate ?
1. parasympathetic nervous system 2. sympathetic nervous system 3. endocrine system (NE, ACh, E)
44
what is the parasympathetic nervous system ?
rest and digest
45
what is the sympathetic nervous system ?
fight and flight
46
what is vagus ?
control parasympathetic nerve to heart
47
what is stroke volume ?
volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat (mL)
48
what are the two end - blank - volumes ...
end-diastolic and end-systolic volume
49
which one is end diastole volume ?
the top / higher one
50
which one is the end systolic volume ?
the bottom / lower one
51
which EDV/ESV just pumped everything out ?
ESV
52
highest point - smallest point on cardiac cycle table =
SV
53
how do we calculate stroke volume ?
EDV - ESV
54
what happens during systole ?
most (not all) blood is ejected
55
how do we calculate ejection fraction (EF) ?
% of EDV pumped
56
what does EF stand for ?
ejection fraction
57
how do we calculate EF ?
SV/EDV
58
when measuring what do u multiply SV / EDV (in mL) by ?
multiply by 100%
59
what is the clinical index of heart contractile function ?
ejection fraction
60
what is ejection fraction ?
what % is pumped out of the heart
61
what is preload ?
how much blood is sitting in ventricle before the pump
62
what term is used to describe "volume of blood received by the heart during RDV" ?
preload
63
what is end diastolic filling ?
the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts
64
describe the frank-starling law of the heart :
describe the relationship between contractile force and resting length of the heart's muscle fibers
65
what is the force of contraction fo cardiac muscle proportional to ?
its initial length
66
FILL IN THE BLANK the ______ stretched the ventricle in diastole to produce a more forceful ejection of blood
preload
67
if you have an increase in EDV what does this mean for stroke volume ?
increase
68
what does it mean when you have an increase in venous return ?
more blood coming back to the heart
69
does the heart extend or shorten as we put more blood in it ?
extend
70
what is the term used for "how much volume of the blood is being pushed" ?
stroke volume
71
what is inotropy ?
the strengthening/weakening function of the cardiac tissue
72
what term is used to describe "enhanced contractile force to augment stroke power and facilitate emptying" ?
intropy
73
what is length independent ?
inotropy
74
can inotropy change the force ?
inotropy
75
cardiac muscle cannot modulate force through changes in motor neuron activity ...
inotropy
76
increased inotropy = ...
increased muscle tension for a given preload (or EDV) and rate of muscle tension development
77
what does an increased inotropy mean for stroke volume ?
increased stroke volume
78
what happens to inotropy during exercise ?
increases
79
during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the firing of sympathetic nerves innervating the ventricles ?
increased firing of sympathetic nerves innervating ventricle
80
during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the firing of activity of parasympathetic nerves ?
decreases
81
during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the circulating catecholamines (Epi and NE) ?
increases
82
what is after load ?
pressure heart must generate to open aortic valve
83
what is term used for when pressure in LV needs to generate to open aortic valve ?
afterlaod
84
what is needed to open aortic valve ?
pressure
85
what happens with after load in stroke volume ?
decreases in SV
86
how does stroke volume x oxygen uptake look on a graph ?
gradually increases together
87
what are the three determinants of cardiac output ?
- preload - contractibility - afterload
88
how do we measure cardiac output ?
heart rate and stroke volume
89
FILL IN THE BLANK maximal cardiac output relates to O2 max by a ratio of ____
6 : 1
90
what principal says "how do we match O2 supply with O2 demand" ?
the fick principal

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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