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Exercise Physiology 2230 > LESSON 15 - heart and circulation : central > Flashcards

LESSON 15 - heart and circulation : central Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four major parts of the cardiovascular system ?

A
  1. heart “pump”
  2. arteries “outflow conduits”
  3. capillaries “drop/pickup site”
  4. veins “return flow conduits”
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2
Q

how many chambers are there of the heart ?

A

four

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3
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart ?

A

right and left atria (top receiving)
right and left ventricles (bottom pumping)

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4
Q

what type of circulation is the right circulation ?

A

pulmonary

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5
Q

what type of circulation is the left circulation ?

A

systemic

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6
Q

what type of blood does the right heart pump

A

pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

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7
Q

how does the right heart circulate blood ?

A

superior/inferior vena cavae → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs

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8
Q

how does the left heart circulate blood ?

A

lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aortic valve → aorta

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9
Q

what type of blood does the left heart pump ?

A

oxygenated blood from lungs to body

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10
Q

how do cardiac muscles contract ?

A

contracts as one single unit

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11
Q

how are individual cardiac muscles fibers interconnected ?

A

end-to-end by intercalated dics

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12
Q

what type of fibers are present in cardiac muscle ?

A

only one fiber type, similar type 1 fibers in skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is the primary blood supply to heart ?

A

by coronary arteries which arise from aorta

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14
Q

what do cardiac veins return ?

A

deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood to …

A

the inferior and superior vena cavae

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16
Q

how do we match O2 supply with O2 demand ?

A

moves simultaneously together

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17
Q

why does the heart generate pressure ?

A

to drive oxygenated blood through vessels to skeletal muscle

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18
Q

the heart is driven by the deans of active skeletal muscle for O2 but also :

A
  • removes CO2 and other wastes
  • transports hormones and other molecules
  • supports temperature balance and controls fluid regulation
  • maintains acid-base balance
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19
Q

when matching systemic VO2 supply with O2 demand what is the formula ? O2 =

A

VO2 = CO x a-vO2diference

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20
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV

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21
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

how much blood is pumping out per min

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22
Q

what does increase O2 mean for CO ?

A

increase CO

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23
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

cardiac output relates closely to O2 by a ratio of ____

A

6 : 1

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24
Q

what is fick’s principal ?

A

VO2 = CO x a-vO2difference

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25
Q

what is heart rate ?

A

the # of times the heart contracts in 1 min (beats/min)

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26
Q

how many mechanisms does the cardiac muscle possess by which rhythm is controlled ?

A

two

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27
Q

what are the two mechanisms the cardiac muscle posses ?

A
  1. intrinsic control and 2. extrinsic control
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28
Q

what is intrinsic control ?

A

cardiac muscle has ability to generate its own electrical signal (spontaneous rhythmicity)

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29
Q

what establishes sinus rhythm ?

A

pacemaker (SA node)

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30
Q

without external control what does intrinsic control average ?

A

100 beats per min (transplant)

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31
Q

what is extrinsic control ?

A

system that modulates intrinsic electric impulses and causes heart to speed up (anticipation) or speed down

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32
Q

is it intrinsic or extrinsic that adjusts HR to 35 to 30 beats min -1 at rest in endurance athletes ?

A

extrinsic

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33
Q

in extrinsic control, during maximal effort, HR can hit ___- beats per min ?

A

220

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34
Q

whats the simplest difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control ?

A

Intrinsic comes from within, while extrinsic arises from external factors

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35
Q

(intrinsic control) from within the heart include what four things ?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • bundle of his
  • purkinje fibers
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36
Q

what does the SA node do ?

A

sets pace (pacemaker)

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37
Q

what does the AV node do ?

A

calms it down to happy level

38
Q

anything outside of the heart is intrinsic or extrinsic ?

A

extrinsic (ex. working out, muscles, brain, telling the heart to speed up)

39
Q

describe the normal route of myocardial impulse transmission of intrinsic regulation of HR …

A

SA node → atria → AV node → AV bundle (purkinje fibers) → ventricles

40
Q

what part of the intrinsic control “spontaneously depolarizes and reploarizes to provide “innate” heart stimulus”

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

41
Q

what part of the intrinsic control “delays impulse about 0.10 sec to provide sufficient time for atria to contract and dolce blood into ventricles”

A

atriventrical (AV) node

42
Q

what part of the intrinsic control “speeds up impulses rapidly through ventricles”

A

purkinje fibers

43
Q

what are the three extrinsic systems that module heart rate ?

A
  1. parasympathetic nervous system
  2. sympathetic nervous system
  3. endocrine system (NE, ACh, E)
44
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

rest and digest

45
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

fight and flight

46
Q

what is vagus ?

A

control parasympathetic nerve to heart

47
Q

what is stroke volume ?

A

volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat (mL)

48
Q

what are the two end - blank - volumes …

A

end-diastolic and end-systolic volume

49
Q

which one is end diastole volume ?

A

the top / higher one

50
Q

which one is the end systolic volume ?

A

the bottom / lower one

51
Q

which EDV/ESV just pumped everything out ?

A

ESV

52
Q

highest point - smallest point on cardiac cycle table =

A

SV

53
Q

how do we calculate stroke volume ?

A

EDV - ESV

54
Q

what happens during systole ?

A

most (not all) blood is ejected

55
Q

how do we calculate ejection fraction (EF) ?

A

% of EDV pumped

56
Q

what does EF stand for ?

A

ejection fraction

57
Q

how do we calculate EF ?

A

SV/EDV

58
Q

when measuring what do u multiply SV / EDV (in mL) by ?

A

multiply by 100%

59
Q

what is the clinical index of heart contractile function ?

A

ejection fraction

60
Q

what is ejection fraction ?

A

what % is pumped out of the heart

61
Q

what is preload ?

A

how much blood is sitting in ventricle before the pump

62
Q

what term is used to describe “volume of blood received by the heart during RDV” ?

A

preload

63
Q

what is end diastolic filling ?

A

the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts

64
Q

describe the frank-starling law of the heart :

A

describe the relationship between contractile force and resting length of the heart’s muscle fibers

65
Q

what is the force of contraction fo cardiac muscle proportional to ?

A

its initial length

66
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

the ______ stretched the ventricle in diastole to produce a more forceful ejection of blood

A

preload

67
Q

if you have an increase in EDV what does this mean for stroke volume ?

A

increase

68
Q

what does it mean when you have an increase in venous return ?

A

more blood coming back to the heart

69
Q

does the heart extend or shorten as we put more blood in it ?

A

extend

70
Q

what is the term used for “how much volume of the blood is being pushed” ?

A

stroke volume

71
Q

what is inotropy ?

A

the strengthening/weakening function of the cardiac tissue

72
Q

what term is used to describe “enhanced contractile force to augment stroke power and facilitate emptying” ?

A

intropy

73
Q

what is length independent ?

A

inotropy

74
Q

can inotropy change the force ?

A

inotropy

75
Q

cardiac muscle cannot modulate force through changes in motor neuron activity …

A

inotropy

76
Q

increased inotropy = …

A

increased muscle tension for a given preload (or EDV) and rate of muscle tension development

77
Q

what does an increased inotropy mean for stroke volume ?

A

increased stroke volume

78
Q

what happens to inotropy during exercise ?

A

increases

79
Q

during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the firing of sympathetic nerves innervating the ventricles ?

A

increased firing of sympathetic nerves innervating ventricle

80
Q

during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the firing of activity of parasympathetic nerves ?

A

decreases

81
Q

during an increase of inotropy what is happening with the circulating catecholamines (Epi and NE) ?

A

increases

82
Q

what is after load ?

A

pressure heart must generate to open aortic valve

83
Q

what is term used for when pressure in LV needs to generate to open aortic valve ?

A

afterlaod

84
Q

what is needed to open aortic valve ?

A

pressure

85
Q

what happens with after load in stroke volume ?

A

decreases in SV

86
Q

how does stroke volume x oxygen uptake look on a graph ?

A

gradually increases together

87
Q

what are the three determinants of cardiac output ?

A
  • preload
  • contractibility
  • afterload
88
Q

how do we measure cardiac output ?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

89
Q

FILL IN THE BLANK

maximal cardiac output relates to O2 max by a ratio of ____

A

6 : 1

90
Q

what principal says “how do we match O2 supply with O2 demand” ?

A

the fick principal

Exercise Physiology 2230 (21 decks)

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