LESSON 6 - bioenergetics of muscle metabolism : fat oxidation & substrate utilization

Question 1

what are the two ways we resynthesize ATP ?

Answer 1

non oxidative and oxidative

Question 2

what are the two non oxidative energy sources ?

Answer 2

phosphocreatine and glycolysis/glycogenolysis

Question 3

what are the two oxidative energy sources ?

Answer 3

citric acid cycle / electron transport and fatty acids from beta-oxidation

Question 4

FILL IN THE BLANK

ATP resynthesized through non-oxidative processes referred to as ___________________

Answer 4

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 5

FILL IN THE BLANK

ATP resynthesized through oxidative processes referred to as ___________________

Answer 5

“oxidative” phosphorylation

Question 6

what are the four types of fats ?

Answer 6

1. fatty acids
2. triglycerides
3. phospholipids
4. sterols

Question 7

what are the two principal fats we talk about ?

Answer 7

fatty acids and triglycerides

Question 8

which type of fat is known as the “oxidizable” form of fat ?

Answer 8

fatty acids

Question 9

which type of fat is glycerol + 3 fatty acid groups ; stored in fat cells ?

Answer 9

triglycerides

Question 10

how do we make a triglyceride ?

Answer 10

one glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 11

what type of fat makes up membranes ?

Answer 11

phospholipids

Question 12

what type of fat is cholesterol (in lipoprotein complexes) and transporters ?

Answer 12

sterols

Question 13

what are the two forms of storage for fats ?

Answer 13

adipose tissue and muscle

Question 14

FILL IN THE BLANK
storage of adipose tissue is as ________

Answer 14

triglycerides

Question 15

FILL IN THE BLANK
storage of muscle about fat is as ___________

Answer 15

intramuscular triglycerides

Question 16

what are the three ways fats transport ?

Answer 16

1. in blood
2. across sarcolemma
3. into mitochondria

Question 17

how soluble are fats through transportation ?

Answer 17

poorly soluble

Question 18

how do fats transport in blood ?

Answer 18

as triglycerides, lipoproteins, free fatty acids

Question 19

how do fats transport across sarcolemma ?

Answer 19

fatty acid translocase

Question 20

how do fats transport into mitochondria ?

Answer 20

carmine transport system

Question 21

per gram is one carb or one fat more efficient ?

Answer 21

one fat

Question 22

what are the two ways we breakdown fats ?

Answer 22

1. lipolysis
2. oxidation

Question 23

describe lipolysis :

Answer 23

breakdown (hydrolysis) of triglyceride into its components

Question 24

describe oxidation in regard to breakdown of fats :

Answer 24

oxidation of fatty acids and glycerol

Question 25

FILL IN THE BLANK before fatty acids can be oxidized in the mitochondria, they must first be _____________________ and then activated, forming _______________

Answer 25

- released from triglycerides - fatty acyl CoA

Question 26

how many steps are there of lipolysis in the cytosol ?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

what are the two steps of lipolysis in the cytosol ?

Answer 27

STEP 1 = hydrolysis of triglycerides, reaction catalyzed by hormone sensitive lipase STEP 2 = degradation of FA, reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase as follows

Question 28

what are free fatty acids attached to ?

Answer 28

albumin

Question 29

when do we use fats / fatty acids ?

Answer 29

use in fast

Question 30

what happens to your body when you use the fat in your adipose tissue ?

Answer 30

lose weight

Question 31

what type of macro is glucose ?

Answer 31

carbs

Question 32

how does transport of fatty acyl coach occur ?

Answer 32

carnitine transport chain

Question 33

why must fatty acyl-CoA be transported across inner mitochondrial matrix ?

Answer 33

because it is impermeable to CoA and it derivates

Question 34

how do fatty acyl-CoA transports occur ?

Answer 34

using proteins and the small molecule carnitine

Question 35

FILL IN THE BLANK fatty acids attached to carnitine are able to cross the inner membrane through the protein transporter _____________________________

Answer 35

carnitine acylcarnitine translocase

Question 36

what transport systems do we use to move fatty acids in and out ?

Answer 36

carnitine transport system

Question 37

acyl CoA = fatty acyl coA CoASH = CoA

Question 38

what is beta-oxidation ?

Answer 38

the initial process of oxidation of fatty acids

Question 39

what is known as a "four-step process that removes acetyl-CoA units, one at a time from fatty acyl CoA"

Answer 39

beta-oxidation

Question 40

where does beta-oxidation occur ?

Answer 40

in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 41

what process "removes two carbons from fatty acyl-CoA producing 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH and 1 FADH"

Answer 41

beta-oxidation

Question 42

beta-oxidation process is repeated until when ?

Answer 42

until the original fatty acid is completely broken down to acetyl CoA

Question 43

what does Acyl CoA help with ?

Answer 43

Krebs cycle

Question 44

what does Acetyl CoA help with ?

Answer 44

another fatty acid breakdown

Question 45

where does beta-oxidation happen ?

Answer 45

in the mitochondria

Question 46

how many carbons in a fatty acid ?

Answer 46

18 carbons

Question 47

why are fats so much more valuable ?

Answer 47

because it's 3x120 instead of just 32

Question 48

what is the net ATP of a fatty acid ?

Answer 48

120

Question 49

what are two sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle with oxygen ?

Answer 49

glucose and fatty acid chain

Question 50

once glucose goes through glycolysis what does it turn into ?

Answer 50

pyruvate

Question 51

once fatty acid chain becomes fatty acyl - coA what does it go through ?

Answer 51

beta-oxidation

Question 52

between both sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle which is the faster production of ATP but finite ATP formation ?

Answer 52

glucose

Question 53

between both sources of acetyl-coA for TCA cycle which is the slower production of ATP but infinite ATP formation ?

Answer 53

fatty acid chain

Question 54

what are other names for the TCA cycle ?

Answer 54

Krebs cycle

Question 55

FILL IN THE BLANK required rate of ATP generation determines _________

Answer 55

intensity

Question 56

when discussing substrate use during exercise (30 minute exercise bouts) which substrates do we see with a lower ATP resynthesis rate ?

Answer 56

- muscle triglycerides - plasma FFA - plasma glucose

Question 57

when discussing substrate use during exercise (30 minute exercise bouts) which subtracted do we see with a higher ATP resynthesis rate ?

Answer 57

- muscle glycogen - muscle triglycerides - plasma FFA - plasma glucose

Question 58

if we are walking what type of macros are we using ?

Answer 58

carbs and glucose/glycogen

Question 59

If we are doing a marathon what type of macros are we using ?

Answer 59

fats

Question 60

in regards to the substrate utilization and exercise intensity what is the crossover point ?

Answer 60

when carbs and fats are being used to do the same thing ( they will meet )

Question 61

what happens if you have lactate buildup ?

Answer 61

muscle cramps

Question 62

how will majority of lactate produced in skeletal muscle cells enter ?

Answer 62

through the blood stream

Question 63

what does lactate contain lots of ?

Answer 63

potential energy

Question 64

FILL IN THE BLANK ____________ can be transported and taken up by other tissues and converted back to pyruvate

Answer 64

fates of lactate

Question 65

what are the two ways fates of lactate can be transported and taken up by other tissues and converted back to pyruvate ?

Answer 65

1. used as substrate to resynthesize ATP (skeletal muscle and other tissues) 2. converted back to glucose and stored as glycogen

Question 66

what is the catalyst for the lactate reaction ?

Answer 66

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 67

are fatty acids reversible ?

Answer 67

no

Question 68

are carbs/glucose & glycogen reversible ?

Answer 68

yes