Lesson 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is magma?
A
Molten rock
2
Q
What shows the Interrelationships between the three rock type?
A
Rock cycle
3
Q
What does igneous rock come from? What is the process?
A
Magma
Crystalization
4
Q
What process hardens and solidifies magma?
A
Crystallization
5
Q
The breaking down of existing rock?
A
Weathering
6
Q
Two types of weathering and examples?
A
Physical- (freeze + thaw cycle)
Chemical- (slightly acidic rain dissolved minerals on the rock)
7
Q
What is erosion called ?
A
Transportation
8
Q
What are the 4 agents of erosion?
A
Water
Wind
Gravity
Ice
9
Q
Small existence of preexisting rock?
A
Sediment
10
Q
Process necessary to turn sediment into sedimentary rock?
A
Lithification
11
Q
The changing of a rock into another rock ?
A
Metamorphism
12
Q
Metamorphic rock forms from rock that has been under great ______+________.
A
Pressure and heat
13
Q
How to get from magma to igneous rock?
A
Crystallization
14
Q
How to get from igneous rock to sediment?
A
Weathering
Transportation
Deposition
15
Q
What is dumping eroded igneous rock ?
A
Deposition
16
Q
How to get from sediment to sedimentary rock?
A
Lithification
17
Q
How to get from sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock?
A
Metamorphism
18
Q
How to get from metamorphic rock to magma?
A
Melting
19
Q
What determines if the full cycle does not occur?
A
Depends on the environment
20
Q
Examples of shortcuts of the rock cycle?
A
- Sedimentary rock melting
- Igneous rock is metamorphosed
- Sedimentary rock is weathered
- Metamorphic rock is weathered
21
Q
How does igneous rock form?
A
magma cools and crystallizes
22
Q
rocks that form inside earth
A
plutonic or intrusive
23
Q
rocks that form on the surface
A
volcanic or extrusive
24
Q
rocks formed on the surface are formed from what
A
lava
25
what is lava
magma but without gas
26
What determines the crystal size?
the rate of cooling
27
Slow rate forms what size crystals?
large
28
Fast rate forms what size crystals?
microscopic
29
Very fast rate forms what size crystals?
forms glass
30
What is a rocks classification based on?
texture and mineral constituents
31
What Causes the texture of rocks?
size and arrangement of crystals
32
what are the 4 types of textures of rocks?
fine grained
coarse grained
porphyritic
glassy
33
Texture from fast rate of cooling?
fine-grained
34
Texture from slow rate of cooling?
coarse-grained
35
Texture from two rates of cooling?
porphyritic
36
Texture from very fast rate of cooling?
glassy
37
What is mineral composition influenced by?
crystal settling in the magma
38
what shows the mineral crystallization (mineral composition)?
bowen's reaction series
39
What is the chemical composition of light colored rocks?
Felsic (granitic)
40
What is the chemical composition of medium colored rocks?
Intermediate (andesitic)
41
What is the chemical composition of dark colored rocks?
Mafic (basaltic)
42
What are the light colored igneous rocks?
Granite
| Rhyolite
43
What are the medium colored igneous rocks?
Diorite
| Andesite
44
What are the dark colored igneous rocks?
Gabbro
| Basalt
45
What are the coarse-grained igneous rocks?
Granite-Diorite-Gabbro
46
What are the fine grained igneous rocks?
Rhyolite-Andesite-Basalt
47
What is the glassy igneous rocks?
obsidian
| pumice
48
What kind of glass is obsidian?
compact and looks dark
49
What kind of glass is pumice?
frothy and looks light
50
What is the name of the other compositional group other than Granitic, basaltic, and andesitic?
ultramafic
51
What type is composed of light colored silicates?
granitic
52
what is composed of dark colored silicate and calcium rich?
basaltic
53
How much of granitic rock is made of silica
70 percent
54
What are the dominant minerals in light colored rocks?
Quartz
| Potassium feldspar
55
What are the dominant minerals in medium colored rocks?
Amphibole
| Plagioclase feldspar
56
What are the dominant minerals in dark colored rocks?
Olivine/Pyroxene
| plagioclase feldspar
57
What two things are used to classify igneous intrusive bodies?
shape and orientation with respect to the host rock (sedimentary)
58
What are the two general shapes of igneous intrusive rocks?
tabular (sheetlike)
| massive
59
Intrusive igneous bodies that cut across existing sedimentary beds?
discordant
60
Intrusive igneous bodies that form parallel to existing sedimentary beds?
concordant
61
What are tabular, discordant igneous bodies produced when magma is injected into fractures that cut across rock layers.
Dikes
62
Tabular, concordant bodies that form when magma is injected along the bedding surfaces of sedimentary rocks.
sills
63
In many respects sills closely resemble ______?
buried lava flows
64
______are similar to sills but form from less-fluid magma that collects as a lens-shaped mass that arches the overlying strata upward
Laccoliths
65
The largest intrusive igneous bodies with surface exposures of more than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles), frequently compose the cores of mountains.
Batholiths
66
Magma originates from essentially ____ rock of the crust and mantle that ____
solid
| melts
67
In addition to a rock's composition, its temperature, depth (confining pressure), and water content determine whether it_______.
exists as a solid or liquid.
68
To generate magma from solid, heat can melt it. Temperature ______ as one gets closer to the core
increases
69
Temperature increasing with depth of the Earths surface is called ____
geothermal gradient
70
Besides getting deeper into earth, how is heat generated?
friction in subduction zones
crustal rocks heated during subduction
rising, hot mantle rocks
71
Increase in confining pressure causes an ____ in melting temperature.
Drop in confining pressure causes _______melting
increase
| decompression
72
What does decompression melting do? When does it occur?
lowers melting temp
| occurs when rock ascends
73
Volatiles, primarily water, play a role in _______
subducting ocean plates
74
Further, the introduction of volatiles (water) can ____ a rock's melting point sufficiently to generate magma.
lower
75
Partial melting produces a melt made of the lowest-melting-temperature minerals, which are higher in _____ than the original rock.
silica
76
Magma's generated by partial melting are nearer to the ______ end of the compositional spectrum than are the rocks from which they formed.
granitic (felsic)
77
Global distribution of igneous activity
1. Most volcanoes are located on the margins of the ______
2. Second group is confined to the _______
3. Third group includes those found in the _______
ocean basins
deep ocean basins
interiors of continents
78
Say what composition of rock where each volcano is found
1. ocean basins
2. deep ocean basins
intermediate andesitic composition
| basaltic lavas
79
_____provide the mechanism by which mantle rocks melt to form magma
Plate motions
80
Most active volcanoes are associated with _____
plate boundaries.
81
Active areas of volcanism are found along mid-ocean ridges where seafloor spreading is occurring
divergent plate boundaries
82
Volcanoes in the vicinity of ocean trenches where one plate is being subducted beneath another
convergent plate boundaries
83
Volcanos found in the interiors of plates themselves
intraplate volcanism
84
Rising plumes of hot mantle rock are the source of most _______ volcanism
intraplate
85
Concentrations of desirable materials are produced by
| what two processes?
Igneous processes
| Metamorphic processes
86
Most important ore deposits are generated from _______
hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions
87
hydro thermal solutions contain _____ fluids and are associated with cooling ____bodies
metal-rich
| magma
88
two types of metallic mineral deposits...
a. _____in fractures or bedding planes
b. Disseminated deposits which are _______throughout the rock
vein
| distributed
89
What two materials are made to make use of the nonmetallic mineral resources
building materials
| industrial materials
