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Limbic system Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

Made up of cortical and subcortical structures in the medial and inferior regions of the cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What functions are related to the limbic system?

A

Emotion
Motivation
Olfaction
Emotional association with memory

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3
Q

What cortical structures make up the limbic lobe?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Subcallosal gyrus

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4
Q

What connects the cortical areas of the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulum

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5
Q

What are the subcortical structures of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Septal nuclei
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
Nucleus accumbens

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6
Q

What types of behaviors are coordinated by the hypothalamus?

A

Drive-related behaviors

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7
Q

What can occur with hypothalamus impairment?

A

Aggressive behavior
Feeling over-stressed
Hypo- or hyperthermia
Fatigue
Weight gain or loss
Hypo- or hyperactive sex drive

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory centers - formation of episodic memories

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9
Q

What are secondary functions of the hippocampus?

A

Role in spatial navigation
Associated with learning and emotions

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10
Q

What are the two areas where neurogenesis occurs?

A

Hippocampus
Olfactory cortex

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11
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Emotional responses
Attaches emotional content to memories
Linked to fear response

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12
Q

What can occur with damage to the amygdala?

A

Increased aggression
Irritability
Loss of emotional control
Difficulty recognizing emotions, fear in particular

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13
Q

What is connected by the fornix?

A

Connects hippocampus to mammillary body

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14
Q

What is connected by the medial forebrain bundle?

A

Connects hypothalamus to olfactory cortex, septum, midbrain, reticular formation, medulla, and neocortex

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15
Q

What are the parts of the Papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus to hippocampus to fornix to mammillary body to mammillothalamic tract to anterior nucleus of thalamus to cingulate gyrus

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16
Q

What is the role of the Papez circuit?

A

Formation of emotion and consolidation of episodic memory

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17
Q

What is connected by the longitudinal stria?

A

Hippocampus with septal area

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18
Q

What is connected by the stria terminalis?

A

Amygdala with ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius

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19
Q

What function is associated with the stria terminalis?

A

Emotional control of food intake

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20
Q

What function is associated with the longitudinal stria?

A

Pleasure and memory

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21
Q

What function is associated with the fornix?

A

Emotion and memory

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22
Q

What function is associated with the medial forebrain bundle?

A

Behavior and motivation

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23
Q

What is connected by the diagonal band of Broca?

A

Amygdala to septal area

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24
Q

What function is associated with the diagonal band of Broca?

A

Pleasure and emotion

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25
What function is associated with direct amygdalo-hypothalamic fibers?
Emotion and autonomic functions
26
What is the function of the mammillary body?
Formation of memory
27
What is the function of the septal area?
Important pleasure area of brain
28
What is the function of nucleus accumbens?
Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction Pleasure center
29
What are the sections of the limbic cortex?
Orbitofrontal cortex Olfactory gyrus Cingulate gyrus
30
What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?
Required for decision making
31
What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
Maternal behavior and emotion
32
What can cause anterograde amnesia?
Bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus
33
Where does the neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer's disease begin?
Hippocampus
34
What causes Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Bilateral lesions of amygdala and hippocampus
35
What are the features of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Tameness Loss of fear Decreased aggression Oral tendency Change in dietary habits Visual defects Excessive sex drive Placidity Psychic blindness Hypermetamorphosis Anterograde amnesia
36
What is hypermetamorphosis?
Excessive attentiveness to visual stimuli with a tendency to touch every stimulus
37
What is Korsakoff syndrome?
Memory disorder is caused from a vit B1 deficiency Associated with alcoholism
38
What are the features of Korsakoff syndrome?
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia confabulation
39
What are the 3 mental components of emotion?
Cognition Affect Conation
40
What is conation?
The urge to act
41
What are the fear inducing areas?
Posterior hypothalamus Amygdala
42
What are the two physical modalities of emotion?
Exteriorization Interiorization
43
What are the inducing areas for rage?
Periventricular area and the fibers connecting it with hypothalamus
44
What are the inhibiting areas for rage?
Neocortex, septum, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus
45
What is sham rage?
Only a physical component, mental components are absent Shows rage for any type of stimulus
46
What causes sham rage?
Diencephalic and forebrain lesions
47
What are the inducing areas for placidity and tameness?
Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus Nucleus accumbens Septal area Amygdala
48
What is a primary motivated behavior?
Related directly to maintaining homeostasis
49
What is a secondary motivated behavior?
Indirectly helps to achieve homeostasis Influenced by habit, learning, intellect, and emotional factors
50
What are the reward areas of the brain?
Prefrontal cortex Ventromedial hypothalamus Medial forebrain bundle Nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum area and their interconnections Dorsal brain stem area
51
What are the avoidance areas of the brain?
Lateral portion of posterior hypothalamus Dorsal mid-brain gray area (periventricular area) Entorhinal cortex
52
What can cause an increase in sexual activity?
Lesion of piriform cortex and amygdala
53
What is neuronal/synaptic plasticity?
Structural and functional changes at a synaptic level The basis for learning and memory
54
What are the types of synaptic plasticity?
Post-tetanic potentiation Habituation Sensitization Long-term potentiation Long-term depression
55
What is post-tetanic potentiation?
Application of same stimulus repeatedly increases the post-synaptic response
56
What is habituation?
Repeated stimulus decreases post-synaptic response
57
What is sensitization?
Habituated stimulus paired with a noxious stimulus repeatedly causes augmented postsynaptic response
58
What is long-term pontentiation?
Repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron enhances synaptic transmission
59
What is long-term depression?
Repeated stimulation of presynaptic neuron decreases synaptic strength
60
What is non-associative learning?
Learn about a single stimulus Inborn reflex
61
What is the definition of memory?
Acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information
62
What are the two forms of short-term memory?
Instantaneous memory Working memory
63
What are the two types of long-term memory?
Declarative/conscious memory Non-declarative/unconscious /procedural memory
64
What type of memory is affected by electrical shock?
Short-term
65
What type of memory is affected by a temporal lobe lesion?
Short-term
66
What are the two forms of explicit memory?
Episodic Semantic
67
What are other names for explicit memory?
Declarative memory Conscious memory Recognition memory Awareness memory Episodic and semantic memory
68
Where is explicit memory encoded?
Hippocampus
69
What are other names for implicit memory?
Non-declarative memory Unconscious memory Reflexive memory Habit memory Procedural memory
70
Where is implicit memory encoded?
Cerebellum and striatum
71
What is confabulation?
Describing of events that never occurred to fill a memory gap

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