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Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the cauda equina?

A

Roots of lower 4 pairs lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and pair of coccygeal nerves

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2
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargement for upper limbs
Lumbosacral enlargement for lower limbs

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3
Q

What is the anterior/ventral median fissure of the spinal cord?

A

Deep anterior midline groove where the anterior spinal A lies

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4
Q

What is the anterior/ventral lateral sulcus of the spinal cord?

A

Shallow groove where the anterior rootlets emerge

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5
Q

What is the posterior/dorsal lateral sulcus of the spinal cord?

A

Shallow groove where the posterior rootlets enter

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6
Q

What is the posterior/dorsal intermediate sulcus of the spinal cord?

A

Shallow groove continuous with posterior intermediate septum rostral to T6

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7
Q

What is separated by the posterior intermediate sulcus of the spinal cord?

A

Fasciculus gracilis from fasciculus cuneatus

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8
Q

What is the posterior/dorsal median sulcus?

A

Shallow posterior midline groove continuous with the posterior median septum

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9
Q

What are the structures pierced during a lumbar pucture?

A

Skin
Subcutaneous tissue and fascia
Supraspinatus ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Into subarachnoid space

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10
Q

What are reasons for a lumbar puncture?

A

CSF obtained for diagnostic or therapeutic processes
Spinal tap and spinal anaesthesia

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11
Q

What forms the spinal nerve?

A

Posterior and anterior roots joined within intervertebral foramen

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12
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

8 cervical pairs
12 thoracic pairs
5 lumbar pairs
5 sacral pairs
1 coccygeal pair

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13
Q

What is conveyed in the posterior/dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

A

Sensory input from body

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14
Q

What is conveyed in the spinal/dorsal root ganglion?

A

Synapses with posterior root from periphery

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15
Q

What is conveyed in the anterior/ventral root?

A

Motor output from visceral and somatic motor neurons

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16
Q

What is innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves?

A

Skin and muscles of back

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17
Q

What is innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves?

A

Ant and lat muscles and skin of the trunk, extremities, and viscera

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18
Q

What is innervated by the meningeal rami of the spinal nerves?

A

Meninges and vertebral column

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19
Q

What is the gray communicating rami of spinal nerves?

A

Unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers of all spinal nerves

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20
Q

What is the white communicating rami of the spinal nerves?

A

Myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers and myelinated visceral fibers (splanchnic nerves) only found from segments T1-L2

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21
Q

Where are the cervical segments 1-8 of the spinal cord located?

A

Foramen magnum to C6 vertebra

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22
Q

Where are the thoracic segments 1-6 located?

A

C6 vertebra to T4 vertebra

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23
Q

Where are the thoracic segments 7-12 located?

A

T4 vertebra to T9 vertebra

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24
Q

Where are the lumbar and sacral spinal segments located?

A

T10 vertebra to L1 vertebra

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25
What are the 3 general divisions of the spinal cord white matter?
Dorsal funiculus Lateral funiculus Ventral funiculus
26
When is white matter in the spinal cord the greatest?
Cervical levels
27
What are the parts of the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord?
Medial group Lateral group Central group
28
What are characteristics of the medial group of the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord?
Innervates axial musculature of neck and trunk Subdivided into ventromedial and dorsomedial parts
29
What are characteristics of the lateral group of the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord?
Confines cervical and lumbar enlargements Supplies limb muscles
30
What are the two nuclei in the central group of the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord?
Phrenic nucleus in cervical region for diaphragm Spinal nucleus of CN XI in cervical region
31
What are the nerve cell groups on the posterior gray horn from most posterior?
Substantia gelatinosa Nucleus propius Nucleus dorsalis - Clarke's column Visceral afferent nucleus
32
What is the function of the substantia gelatinosa?
Receives afferents for pain and temperature
33
What is the function of nucleus proprius?
Receives fibers from posterior white column associated with proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration
34
What is the function of the nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column)?
Projects somewhat into the posterior funiculus Receives proprioceptive, touch, and pressure afferents from trunk and lower limbs
35
At what levels is the nucleus dorsalis located?
C8/T1 to L2/L3
36
What is the function of the visceral afferent nucleus?
Receives visceral afferents from dorsal nerve roots
37
What is the extent of the visceral afferent nucleus?
T1 to L2 and S2 to S4
38
What are the two nuclei of the intermediate/lateral gray column?
Intermediolateral nucleus Intermediomedial nucleus
39
What is the function of the intermediolateral nucleus?
Origin of preganglionic fibers of SyNS
40
What is the function of the intermediomedial nucleus?
Origin to preganglionic fibers of PsNS
41
What is the extent of the intermediomedial nucleus?
S2 to S4 segments
42
What are the parts of the dorsal column tracts of the spinal cord?
Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus
43
What are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord?
Dorsal column tracts Spinothalamic tract Spinocerebellar tract
44
What are the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Olivospinal tract Descending autonomic fibers
45
What are the divisions of the spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord?
Lateral Ventral
46
What are the divisions of the spinocerebellar tract of the spinal cord?
Ventral Dorsal Cuneocerebellar Rostral
47
What are the divisions of the corticospinal tract of the spinal cord?
Lateral anterior
48
Where do the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus synapse?
Gracile and cuneate nuclei in caudal medulla forming medial lemniscus which terminates in the VPL of thalamus
49
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
Crude touch, pain, and temperature sensation
50
Where does the spinothalamic tract synapse?
Decussate in anterior white commissure and ascend in anterolateral funiculus to terminate in VPL and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
51
What is the function of the dorsal part of the spinocerebellar tracts?
Uncrossed Unconscious proprioception of lower limb
52
What is the function of the cuneocerebellar part of the spinocerebellar tracts?
Uncrossed Unconscious proprioception of the upper limb and trunk
53
What is the main function of the ventral and rostral parts of the spinocerebellar tracts?
Crossed Monitor state of activity of spinal reflex arcs for upper and lower limbs
54
What are the two major pathways involved in somatic sensory perception?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway Spinothalamic tract
55
What is the origin of the fibers of the corticospinal tracts?
Majority from pyramidal cells of the motor cortex Some from premotor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and parietal lobe
56
What fibers form the lateral corticospinal tract?
Fibers that cross at the pyramidal decussation in the medulla
57
What fibers form the anterior corticospinal tract?
Fibers that do not cross
58
Where do the majority of fibers in the corticospinal tracts terminate?
Interneurons in spinal cord that project to motor neurons in the anterior horn
59
What are the signs of a UMN lesion?
Decreased strength Hypertonia Hyperreflexia Mild atrophy Clonus Babinski reflex present
60
What are the signs of a LMN lesion?
Decreased strength Hypotonia Hyporeflexia Severe atrophy Fasciculations Fibrillations
61
What arteries supply the spinal cord?
Two posterior spinal As Anterior spinal A Reinforced by segmental arteries at each intervertebral foramen
62
What are characteristics of veins of the spinal cord?
Mirror arteries Lack valves
63
What are characteristics of syringomyleia?
Development of fusiform cyst/syrinx in or around the central canal of spinal cord Obliterates spinothalamic fibers decussating in white commissure
64
What are symptoms of syringomyelia?
Dissociated sensory loss - pain and temp lost, but proprioception and touch remain
65
What are characteristics of tabes dorsalis?
Late manifestation of neurosyphilis Affects lumbosacral dorsal spinal roots and spinal columns
66
What are symptoms of tabes dorsalis?
Loss proprioception leading to sensory ataxia Positive Romberg's sign
67
What are characteristics of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?
Deficiency of vit B12 Associated with pernicious anemia
68
What are symptoms of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?
Sensory ataxia Weakness and spasticity of limbs
69
What are symptoms of MS into the spinal cord?
Loss of proprioception in hands and fingers
70
What are characteristics of the ALS?
Involves both LMNs and UMNs Progressive spinal muscular atrophy or progressive bulbar palsy - LMN component Pseudobulbar palsy or primary lateral sclerosis refers to UMN component

Neuropsych (20 decks)

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