Limbic System- OJ

Question 1

Limbic System

Answer 1

Girdle/ Border
hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.

Question 2

how does brain create valence?

Answer 2

nociceptor connected via basic reflexes to withdraw from stimuli

Our circultry wants us to avoid noxious stuff

Question 3

Appetitive reflexes

Answer 3

reflexive ingestion and enteric reflexes move some stimuli through enteric system, reject others

Question 4

Enteric Nervous system

Answer 4

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.

Question 5

____________ predict appetitive v. aversive events and engage more
complex behaviors accordingly

Answer 5

feedforward mechanisms

Question 6

Emotion

Answer 6

• the complex psychophysiological experience of
an individual’s state of mind, interacting with
environmental influences.

Question 7

emotion fundamentally involves

appetitive or aversive events, via links between:

Answer 7

–physiological arousal
–expressive behaviors (facial), actions, action
tendencies
–conscious experience (feelings), sensations,
perceptions

Question 8

Autonomic Tendency

Anger

Answer 8

Flushing, “Heat” “Pressure”

Question 9

Fear- Autonomic Tendency

Answer 9

Cold”, pallor, diaphoresis, t

Question 10

Desire

Answer 10

Action Tendency

Approach

Question 11

Insula

Answer 11

primary interoceptive cortex

Question 12

Modern Ideas about the

Neurophysiology of Emotion

Answer 12

• The Amygdala
• Ventromedial Prefrontal (Orbitofrontal) Cortex
• Insula
• Ventral Striatum/Nucleus Accumbens
• Ventral Tegmental Area-Dopamine

Question 13

MYTHS about the Neurophysiology

of Emotion

Answer 13

• The Amygdala is all about fear
• Ventral Tegmental Area-Dopamine is all about reward
• Neither is “true”

Question 14

Inferior temporal cells

Answer 14

Integrates sensory input

Question 15

Ganglionic eminences becomes

Answer 15

Amygdala

Striatum

Question 16

Basolateral Amygdala complex does?

Answer 16

Input

Question 17

Centromedial Amygdala complex does?

Answer 17

Output

Question 18

Intercalated cells?

Answer 18

GABAnergic

?

Question 19

Optogenetics

Answer 19

technique using light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels (rhodopsins= original study channels)

allowed for fundamental wiring discoveries

Question 20

Optogenetics Discoveries

Answer 20

Fear Conditioning,
Fear Extinction,
Appetitive Conditioning

Question 21

Mouse- Sound/ shock experiment

Answer 21

sound: Auditory thalamus, auditory cortex– amygdala

shock- somatosensory thalamus –> somatosensory cortex–> amygdala

Fire together, wire together: sound will lead to fear response

Question 22

Mouse- Sound/ shock experiment timing

Answer 22

Shock does not need to be immediate

Ach give a “memory window” to relate an event

Half hour

Question 23

Mouse- Sound/ shock –> sound/ neutral experiment

~EXTINCTION

Answer 23

EXTINCTION

Rodent can suppress fear response if sound is paired with something better (vs shock)

Temporary suppression, will revert to fear if neutral pairing stops

Needs intercalated cells for extinction

Question 24

Nucleus Accumbens/

Ventral Striatum Potentiating

Answer 24

Basolateral group in amygdala can project to Nucleus Accumbens/ Ventral Striatum

Potentiate between neutral stimulus (sound) and appetite pairing

Question 25

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex | (Orbitofrontal Cortex) and gambling

Answer 25

- High risk vs low risk card piles - Control subject: did not "understand" the difference, but had ↑ Symp response when picking from high risk pile -Brain damaged patient Never responded to more risky pile

Question 26

Iowa Gambling Task & Orbitofrontal | Cortex (VmOFC) Lesions

Answer 26

• Impairment in ability to estimate the risk/reward associated with certain behaviors • Impairment in ability to select behaviors based on risk/ reward calculations

Question 27

Iowa Gambling Task & Orbitofrontal | Cortex (VmOFC) Lesions Implications

Answer 27

Implies “subconscious” “gut feeling” about the implications of a given behavior • Implies suppression of behaviors felt to be excessively risky, esp. in context of social function

Question 28

Phineas Gage

Answer 28

Problems estimating strategy esp. in social situations Orbitofrontal damage

Question 29

Dopaminergic Projections:

Answer 29

``` • Nigrostriatal • Mesolimbic • Mesocortical • Tuberoinfindibular: DA inhibits PRL release ```

Question 30

VTA releases Dopamine in response to errors in predictions different subregions of VTA concerned with _____________________- subregions have different projections

Answer 30

REWARD, PUNISHMENT, or even SALIENCE, SURPRISE

Question 31

Mesolimbic path

Answer 31

?

Question 32

mesocortical pathway

Answer 32

?