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MCBM > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lipid classes

A
  1. Free fatty acids: Energy FAs
  2. Glycerolipids: Energy FA’s; triglyceride storage form
  3. Glycerophospholipids: found in cell membrane
  4. Sphingolipids: found in cell membrane
  5. Eicosinoids: signal transduction. prostaglandins, autocrine/paracrine (act locally) in inflammatory or splinter response
  6. Sterols: cholesterol derivatives ; hormones, vitamins
  7. Prenols: Vitamin A; metabolic intermediate
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2
Q

What is ex of free fatty acid

A

palmitate (16 c and no DB; saturated)

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3
Q

What is ex of glycerolipids

A

Di and Triacylglycerols

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4
Q

What is ex of glycerophospholipds

A

phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol

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5
Q

what is ex of sphingolipids

A

sphingomyelin, ceramide

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6
Q

what is ex of eicosinoids

A

prostaglandins

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7
Q

What is ex of sterols

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

what is ex of prenols

A

retinol, ubiquinone

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9
Q

Which type of fat is most prevalent in the human body

A

unsaturated fats with one DB

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10
Q

Polyunsatured fats:

A

fatty acids with two or more double acids; PUFAs

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11
Q

LDL is considered to be :

A

bad cholesterol

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12
Q

palmitic fatty acid is impt for

A

metabolism

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13
Q

Linoleic acid and LInolenic are imortant:

A

PUFA’s; we have to get them from diet; linoleic acid is precursor for arachidonic acid

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14
Q

Saturated fats elevate ___levels

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

Monounsaturated fats lower ___ and ___

A

LDL and cholesterol

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16
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

lineoleic and linoleic acid are essential FA’s

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17
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids importance:

A

Limolenic acid is most important!

  • Reduce’s BP and heart rate
  • anti arrhythmic
  • anti-thrombotic
  • anti inflammatory
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18
Q

What is a storage lipid

A

triacylglycerols

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19
Q

What are the membrane lipids

A

phospholipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
glycolipids: sphingolipids

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20
Q

What do storage lipids consist of

A

ester bond bet glycerol and FA which neutralizes charge on acid
-main storage form of energy

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21
Q

Fat is our major ___store

A

fuel

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22
Q

What does adipose tissue consist of

A

65% triglyceride
very metabolically active
hormonally regulated
storage tissue for FA/energy; quickly releases free FA when needed

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23
Q

Which hormone is the fuel mobilizer

A

glucagon; mobilizes fat

24
Q

Protein in blood thats carrier for everything

A

albumin; catch all carrier molecule; carries free FA released from adipose to the body

25
Q

Membrane lipids consist of phospholipids which consists of:

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

26
Q

Glycerophospholipids consist of:

A
  1. glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group + alcohol; If head group substituent is = H; then its would be called phosphatidic acid
27
Q

What is phosphotidil inositil important for

A

cell signaling; helps to activate protein kinase C which is involved in Ca++ release

28
Q

What is cardiolipin

A

a special glycerophospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane; found in heart muscle and important in organizeing complexes of ETC and making permeability transition pore that opens up cytochrome c which triggers the apoptotic pathway in cell death.

29
Q

What is abnormal cardiolipin associated with

A

alzheimers and parkinsons disease as well as Barth syndrome which is an X-linked disorder caused by defect in cardiolipin processing protein

30
Q

What are the functions of glycerophospholipids

A

Membrane: Interact with cell- cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, lipid anchors for proteins

Messenging: Reservoir for arachidonic acid, reservoir for inositol (for cell signaling)

Misc: lung surfactant, platelet activating factor (PAF); special ether derivative impt in clotting

31
Q

Where does Phospholipase A1 cut

A

at number one position

32
Q

Where does Phospholipase A2 cut

A

at number 2 position; important enzyme in synthesis of ichosinoids

33
Q

What is importance of phospholipase C

A

important in cell signaling bc it releases inositol group

34
Q

What is importance of ether linked glycerophospholipids

A
  1. Formation of Plasmalogen
  2. Formation of platelet activating factor
    - Overall importance is blood clotting
35
Q

Sphingolipids have ____backnbone

A

serine

36
Q

What are characteristics of sphingolipids

A
  • A type of phospholipid NOT derived from fat
  • Found primarily in nerve tissue/myelin sheath
  • 25% of lipids found in humans
37
Q

If H at number 3 position of sphingolipid it would be called a

A

ceramide; a signaling molecule

38
Q

Functions of sphingolipids

A

Mediate: cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, cell-microbe interactions
Modulate: Antiproliferative responses, protein kinase activity, growth factor receptor activity
Maintain: structural rigidity in membranes, membrane protein conformation

39
Q

Instead of forming a ceramide or phosphotil choline, sphingolipids can form a ____on “X”

A

sugar

40
Q

What are the sugar backbones that can form on sphingolipids

A

glycosphingolipids, globosides, and gangliosides; depending on how many sugars are added in the presence or absence of NAN

41
Q

O- antigen is a:

A

sphingosine + FA + sugars

42
Q

If NAN attached on glycosphingolipid then you have what type of antigen

A

A antigen

43
Q

Just a galatose on the end = what type of antigen

A

B antigen

44
Q 
O= universal donor
AB = universal \_\_\_\_
A

recipient

45
Q

What are lysosomal storage disorders

A

Hexosaminidase A deficiency is common in Osh Kinosi Jewish population that causes Tay Sachs; children dev normally and then reverting and losing ability to do anything and die at a young age.

46
Q

What is derived from arachidonic acid

A

Eicosinoids; has 4 DB; important PUFA to make prostaglandins, thromoxane and leukotriene

47
Q

What can block Prostaglandin and Thromboxane synthesis

A

NSAIDs

48
Q

What are the function of Eicosinoids

A
  1. Mediate inflammatory resoponses

2. Mediate allergic reactions–>bronchoconstriction

49
Q

What are the three types of eicosinoids

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukotrienes
50
Q

What are the function of prostaglandins

A
  1. reg smooth muscle contraction and steroid production.
  2. inhibit gastric secretion and hormone sensitive lipase
  3. inhibit/stimulate platelet aggregation
  4. Ref nerve transmission and sensitization to pain
  5. mediate inflammatory response
    6.
51
Q

what are the function of thromboxanes

A
  1. made in platelets
  2. induce platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
  3. induce lymphocyte proliferation
  4. induce bronchoconstriction.
52
Q

What are the function of leukotrienes

A
  1. involved in allergic and inflammatory responses
  2. made in WBC’s and epithelial cells
  3. induce leukocyte cheotaxis and aggregation
53
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A

hydrophobic except for one polar hydroxyl group.

54
Q

What is the biggest product of cholesterol metabolism

A

Bile salts; they emulsify fat during digestion to help it get digested properly.

55
Q

___hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid; in adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) which we use for inflammation. cortisol has effects on metabolism.

56
Q

What are prenols

A

Vitamin A and Vitamin E and K, Warfarin and ubiquinone.

MCBM (59 decks)

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