What are the lipid classes
- Free fatty acids: Energy FAs
- Glycerolipids: Energy FA’s; triglyceride storage form
- Glycerophospholipids: found in cell membrane
- Sphingolipids: found in cell membrane
- Eicosinoids: signal transduction. prostaglandins, autocrine/paracrine (act locally) in inflammatory or splinter response
- Sterols: cholesterol derivatives ; hormones, vitamins
- Prenols: Vitamin A; metabolic intermediate
What is ex of free fatty acid
palmitate (16 c and no DB; saturated)
What is ex of glycerolipids
Di and Triacylglycerols
What is ex of glycerophospholipds
phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol
what is ex of sphingolipids
sphingomyelin, ceramide
what is ex of eicosinoids
prostaglandins
What is ex of sterols
cholesterol
what is ex of prenols
retinol, ubiquinone
Which type of fat is most prevalent in the human body
unsaturated fats with one DB
Polyunsatured fats:
fatty acids with two or more double acids; PUFAs
LDL is considered to be :
bad cholesterol
palmitic fatty acid is impt for
metabolism
Linoleic acid and LInolenic are imortant:
PUFA’s; we have to get them from diet; linoleic acid is precursor for arachidonic acid
Saturated fats elevate ___levels
cholesterol
Monounsaturated fats lower ___ and ___
LDL and cholesterol
Polyunsaturated fats
lineoleic and linoleic acid are essential FA’s
Omega 3 fatty acids importance:
Limolenic acid is most important!
- Reduce’s BP and heart rate
- anti arrhythmic
- anti-thrombotic
- anti inflammatory
What is a storage lipid
triacylglycerols
What are the membrane lipids
phospholipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
glycolipids: sphingolipids
What do storage lipids consist of
ester bond bet glycerol and FA which neutralizes charge on acid
-main storage form of energy
Fat is our major ___store
fuel
What does adipose tissue consist of
65% triglyceride
very metabolically active
hormonally regulated
storage tissue for FA/energy; quickly releases free FA when needed
Which hormone is the fuel mobilizer
glucagon; mobilizes fat
Protein in blood thats carrier for everything
albumin; catch all carrier molecule; carries free FA released from adipose to the body
Membrane lipids consist of phospholipids which consists of:
glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
Glycerophospholipids consist of:
- glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group + alcohol; If head group substituent is = H; then its would be called phosphatidic acid
What is phosphotidil inositil important for
cell signaling; helps to activate protein kinase C which is involved in Ca++ release
What is cardiolipin
a special glycerophospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane; found in heart muscle and important in organizeing complexes of ETC and making permeability transition pore that opens up cytochrome c which triggers the apoptotic pathway in cell death.
What is abnormal cardiolipin associated with
alzheimers and parkinsons disease as well as Barth syndrome which is an X-linked disorder caused by defect in cardiolipin processing protein
What are the functions of glycerophospholipids
Membrane: Interact with cell- cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, lipid anchors for proteins
Messenging: Reservoir for arachidonic acid, reservoir for inositol (for cell signaling)
Misc: lung surfactant, platelet activating factor (PAF); special ether derivative impt in clotting
Where does Phospholipase A1 cut
at number one position
Where does Phospholipase A2 cut
at number 2 position; important enzyme in synthesis of ichosinoids
What is importance of phospholipase C
important in cell signaling bc it releases inositol group
What is importance of ether linked glycerophospholipids
- Formation of Plasmalogen
- Formation of platelet activating factor
- Overall importance is blood clotting
Sphingolipids have ____backnbone
serine
What are characteristics of sphingolipids
- A type of phospholipid NOT derived from fat
- Found primarily in nerve tissue/myelin sheath
- 25% of lipids found in humans
If H at number 3 position of sphingolipid it would be called a
ceramide; a signaling molecule
Functions of sphingolipids
Mediate: cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, cell-microbe interactions
Modulate: Antiproliferative responses, protein kinase activity, growth factor receptor activity
Maintain: structural rigidity in membranes, membrane protein conformation
Instead of forming a ceramide or phosphotil choline, sphingolipids can form a ____on “X”
sugar
What are the sugar backbones that can form on sphingolipids
glycosphingolipids, globosides, and gangliosides; depending on how many sugars are added in the presence or absence of NAN
O- antigen is a:
sphingosine + FA + sugars
If NAN attached on glycosphingolipid then you have what type of antigen
A antigen
Just a galatose on the end = what type of antigen
B antigen
O= universal donor AB = universal \_\_\_\_
recipient
What are lysosomal storage disorders
Hexosaminidase A deficiency is common in Osh Kinosi Jewish population that causes Tay Sachs; children dev normally and then reverting and losing ability to do anything and die at a young age.
What is derived from arachidonic acid
Eicosinoids; has 4 DB; important PUFA to make prostaglandins, thromoxane and leukotriene
What can block Prostaglandin and Thromboxane synthesis
NSAIDs
What are the function of Eicosinoids
- Mediate inflammatory resoponses
2. Mediate allergic reactions–>bronchoconstriction
What are the three types of eicosinoids
- Prostaglandins
- Thromboxanes
- Leukotrienes
What are the function of prostaglandins
- reg smooth muscle contraction and steroid production.
- inhibit gastric secretion and hormone sensitive lipase
- inhibit/stimulate platelet aggregation
- Ref nerve transmission and sensitization to pain
- mediate inflammatory response
6.
what are the function of thromboxanes
- made in platelets
- induce platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
- induce lymphocyte proliferation
- induce bronchoconstriction.
What are the function of leukotrienes
- involved in allergic and inflammatory responses
- made in WBC’s and epithelial cells
- induce leukocyte cheotaxis and aggregation
What is the function of cholesterol
hydrophobic except for one polar hydroxyl group.
What is the biggest product of cholesterol metabolism
Bile salts; they emulsify fat during digestion to help it get digested properly.
___hormones are derived from cholesterol
steroid; in adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) which we use for inflammation. cortisol has effects on metabolism.
What are prenols
Vitamin A and Vitamin E and K, Warfarin and ubiquinone.
