Vitamins can be divided into ____ soluble and ____soluble
water; fat
What are the water soluble vitamins
- B complex
- Vitamin C
- Folacins
- Generally not stored except folate and B12
What are the fat soluble viamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
-Generally stored
Beta carotene has ____units.
isoprene;
Retinal binds with ___ to form rhodopsin.
opsin
cyclic GMP is upregulated by
nitric oxide; ion channels open and close; changes conc of sodium and calcium
What are the Vitamin A derivatives
- retinal (all trans)
- retinal (11 cis)
- retinoic acid (all trans)
- retinoic acid (9-cis)
Retinoic acid serves as a hormone for regulating ____differentiation
epithelial
What is Vitamin A important for
- Vision
2. Cell signaling; cellular differentiation, morphongenesis, reproduction, and immune response
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause
- night blindness
- skin lesions
- vulnerability to infections
What happens during Vitamin A deficiency while pregnant
- Micropthalmia (small eyes)
- cleft palate/lip
- cardiovascular and urogenital anamolies
- malformed limbs
What happens during Vitamin A toxicity
- Nausea
- weight loss
- liver damage
- joint pain
* a major teratogen during pregnancy
What is Vitamin D a derivative of
cholesterol
What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the liver
25-hydroxylase
What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the kidneys
1-hyroxylase
What happens when you have Vitamin D deficiency
- Rickets (children)
- Osteomalacia (adults)
- Enlarged epiphyseal growth plates
- defective remineralization of bone, bone pain, and muscle weakness
What happens during Vitamin D Toxicity
- Weakness
- loss of appetite
- unusual thirst
- nausea and vomiting
- high blood pressure
- increase Ca++ reabsorption from bones and deposition in soft tissues
What is Vitamin E
alpha tocopherol
- Protects PUFA’s (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in membrane phospholipids and cholesterol from attack by peroxides and free radicals
- Protects retinal in photoreceptor cells
Vitamin E is a potent ___
antioxidant
What are causes Vitamin E deficiency
associated with lipid malabsorption (rare in humans)
- premature infants: may present with pulmonary distress and retinopathy
- neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and peripheral axons
What is Vitamin K1 (phyloquinone)
found in green leafy vegetables
What is Vitamin K2 found in (menaquinone)
intestinal bacteria
What is Vitamin K3 found in
synthetic menadione
What is Vitamin K important for
blood clotting;
What kind of patients on Warfarin
patients at risk for clot formation
Vitamin K is in quinone form and undergoes quinone reductase which takes carbonyls and convert them to ____ to make ____ that serves as a cofactor for Vitamin K dependent carboxylase. This gets converted to epoxide form.
hydroxyls; hydro quinone
Vitamin K deficiency causes
- increased prothrombin time
2. leading to easy bruisability and bleeding tendency
Thiamine pyrophospate (TPP) is an important cofactor for:
- transketolase (non oxidative PPP)
- pyruvate dehydrogenase
- alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
Thiamine deficiency causes:
- Dry Beriberi: NS associated includes transketolase and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
- Wet Beriberi: affects cardiovascular system; tachycardia and edema
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is important for what
Precursor for FMN and FAD
What does Vitamin B2 deficiency cause
Angular cheilosis: dryness and cracking at the corners of the mouth
Trp and Niacin are precursors for
NAD
What happens when you have vitamin B3 deficiency
- dermatitis (photosensitive)
- diarrhea
- dementia
- soreness and inflammation of the tongue and mouth
What is vitamin B3 made of
niacin
What happens when you have Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) deficiency
- burning foot syndrome
- skin abnormalities
- GI upset
- fatigue and weakness
- insomnia
vitamin B5 is also called
pentothenate
What is Vitamin B6 (pyradaxone) important for
important in aa and glycogen metabolism
Vitamin B6 is important cofactor for:
- Transamination reactions
- glycogen phosphorylase
- Heme synthesis
- niacin synthesis
5.
What does Vitamin B6 deficiency cause
- collagen defects: bone, CT, blood vessels
2. Neural defects: lower limb paralysis
Vitamin B7 is considered:
Biotin; important carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylase reactions.
What does vitamin B7 deficiency cause
fungal infections
hair loss (alopecia)
depression
myalgias
What is Vitamin B8 (inositol)
important in cell signaling; if taken with folic acid it can prevent fetal neural tube defects
What is vitamin B9 (folate) important for
Precursor for tetrahydrofolate: methyl group transfers
What does folate deficiency cause
inc. neural tube defects in fetus, including spina bifida and anencephaly.
In adults it can contribute to megaloblastic anemia
What is Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) important for
- Source of free radicals for H+ exchanges. Involved in aa metabolism.
What does vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor deficiency cause
pernicious anemia; smooth red tongue (glossitis); causes a marocytic anemia , mean cell volume is over 100
What is Vitamin B12 made of
anaerobic bacteria in gut; found in meat and dairy products
- requires intrinsic factor (protein secreted by gastric parietal cells) for proper absorption in ileum.
- Its released into bloodstream carried by transcobalamin II
- stored in liver
What is Vitamin C important
made from glucose.
What can vitamin c deficiency lead to
scurvy- defective proline hydroxylation of collagen leads to weak gingiva, easy bruising
What are the major minerals
Bone: Ca, P
Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl, S
What are the trace elements
iron, zinc, cr, copper, iodine, magnesium, Se, Co, Vn, Nickel, SI, Mo
Iron is transported with ____ and stored with ____ or ___ in bone marrow, liver, and muscle
transferrin; ferritin or hemosiderin
zinc and copper serve as ___for imporant enzymes
cofactors
zinc is a cofactor for:
dehydrogenases
superoxide dismutase
carbonic anydrase, matrix metalloproteinases
zinc deficiency causes
acrodermatitis enteropathica; genetic disorder
Cofactors of copper include
lysl oxidase tryosinase dopamine betra hyroxylase cytochrome c oxidase superoxide dismutase ceruloplasmin
deficiencies of copper include
weak blood vessels
hypopigmentation
nerological defects
fatigue
What is Wilsons disease
copper overload; in brain liver and eyes (Kayser-Fleisher rings)
-Treated by chelation therapy which will bind copper and help get it removed from bloodstream. It’s a derivative of penicillin
Iodine is important for
thyroid; to make active forms of thyroxine and triiodothyronine synthesis
Deficiency in iodine causes
goiter: thyroid is enlarged
Cretinism: facial abnormalities
