Flashcards in Vitamins and Minerals Deck (60)
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1
Vitamins can be divided into ____ soluble and ____soluble
water; fat
2
What are the water soluble vitamins
1. B complex
2. Vitamin C
3. Folacins
-Generally not stored except folate and B12
3
What are the fat soluble viamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
-Generally stored
4
Beta carotene has ____units.
isoprene;
5
Retinal binds with ___ to form rhodopsin.
opsin
6
cyclic GMP is upregulated by
nitric oxide; ion channels open and close; changes conc of sodium and calcium
7
What are the Vitamin A derivatives
1. retinal (all trans)
2. retinal (11 cis)
3. retinoic acid (all trans)
4. retinoic acid (9-cis)
8
Retinoic acid serves as a hormone for regulating ____differentiation
epithelial
9
What is Vitamin A important for
1. Vision
2. Cell signaling; cellular differentiation, morphongenesis, reproduction, and immune response
10
What does Vitamin A deficiency cause
1. night blindness
2. skin lesions
3. vulnerability to infections
11
What happens during Vitamin A deficiency while pregnant
1. Micropthalmia (small eyes)
2. cleft palate/lip
3. cardiovascular and urogenital anamolies
4. malformed limbs
12
What happens during Vitamin A toxicity
1. Nausea
2. weight loss
3. liver damage
4. joint pain
* a major teratogen during pregnancy
13
What is Vitamin D a derivative of
cholesterol
14
What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the liver
25-hydroxylase
15
What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the kidneys
1-hyroxylase
16
What happens when you have Vitamin D deficiency
1. Rickets (children)
2. Osteomalacia (adults)
3. Enlarged epiphyseal growth plates
4. defective remineralization of bone, bone pain, and muscle weakness
17
What happens during Vitamin D Toxicity
1. Weakness
2. loss of appetite
3. unusual thirst
4. nausea and vomiting
5. high blood pressure
6. increase Ca++ reabsorption from bones and deposition in soft tissues
18
What is Vitamin E
alpha tocopherol
-Protects PUFA's (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in membrane phospholipids and cholesterol from attack by peroxides and free radicals
-Protects retinal in photoreceptor cells
19
Vitamin E is a potent ___
antioxidant
20
What are causes Vitamin E deficiency
associated with lipid malabsorption (rare in humans)
-premature infants: may present with pulmonary distress and retinopathy
-neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and peripheral axons
21
What is Vitamin K1 (phyloquinone)
found in green leafy vegetables
22
What is Vitamin K2 found in (menaquinone)
intestinal bacteria
23
What is Vitamin K3 found in
synthetic menadione
24
What is Vitamin K important for
blood clotting;
25
What kind of patients on Warfarin
patients at risk for clot formation
26
Vitamin K is in quinone form and undergoes quinone reductase which takes carbonyls and convert them to ____ to make ____ that serves as a cofactor for Vitamin K dependent carboxylase. This gets converted to epoxide form.
hydroxyls; hydro quinone
27
Vitamin K deficiency causes
1. increased prothrombin time
2. leading to easy bruisability and bleeding tendency
28
Thiamine pyrophospate (TPP) is an important cofactor for:
1. transketolase (non oxidative PPP)
2. pyruvate dehydrogenase
3. alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
4. branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
29
Thiamine deficiency causes:
1. Dry Beriberi: NS associated includes transketolase and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
2. Wet Beriberi: affects cardiovascular system; tachycardia and edema
30
