vertebrosternal ribs
ribs 1-7
vertebrocostal ribs
ribs 8-10
vertebral (floating) ribs
ribs 11-12
costodiaphragmatic recess
a region of parietal plerua that extends two ribs below the lung margins and is a site where fluid/blood can accumulate and be sampled
extends to the 12th rib posteriorly and 9th rib anterolaterally
structure of the right lung
three lobes - superior (upper), middle, and inferior (lower)
horizontal fissure separtes superior and middle lobes
oblique fissure separates middle and lower lobes
structure of the left lung
two lobes, superior and inferior separated by an oblique fissure
upper lobe has a "tongue-shaped" lingula that lies against the heart
components of the mediastinum
primary bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulonary veins
bronchial arteries off the descending aorta
autonomic plexus
lymphatic vessels and nodules
bronchial vs. pulmonary artery circulation
bronchial arteries come off of the descending aorta and supplies blood to the bronchi - drains into the pulmonary veins and some into the azygous system
pulmonary artery circulation is for alveoli and gas exchange
components of the autonomic plexus on the bronchi and pulmonary arteries
parasympathetics from the vagus nerve
postsynaptic sympthetics from the upper thoracic (T1-5) cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
reflex afferents in vagus (pain fibers in splanchnics)
Which side of the lung is aspirated material likely to go into?
right - right primary bronchus is shorter and more in line with the trachea than the left
carina
the internal crest at the bifurcation of the trachea
eparterial bronchus
secondary (lobar) bronchi - right upper lobar artery
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
supply bronchopulmonary segments that are defined by the tertiary bronchi and the arteries that run with them
smallest lung units that can be surgically resected
Kerley B lines
radiologic descriptions of dilated lymphatics in interlobular septa at the periphery of the lung lower lobes
muscles used for inspiration
diaphragm
external oblique
accessory - scalenes, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major
serratous anterior
muscles used for expiration
internal oblique
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus)
How many generations of branching of the airway are there?
23 generations
conducting portion of the airway
moves air into and out of the respiratory part
first 16 generations of branches away from the trachea
respiratory part of the airway
7 distal generation os branching that contains alveoli for gas exchange
branching sequence of the airway
trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
cells of the conducting part of the airway from trachea through bronchi
pseudostratified columnar (respiratory) epithelium with cilia and mucous-secreting globlet cells
silhouette sign
the similar densities of pneumonia and the heart obscure the heart borders
C-shaped rings
strcutres that make up the trachea
entirely made up of hyaline cartilage
surrounds the lamina propria of loose connective tissue and submucosa of denser CT with mucous glands
no continuous muscle layer
elastic membrane between mucosa and submucosa
ends of the rings are united by a fibroelastic membrane and trachealis muscle
structure of the bronchi
cartilage plates rather than rings
continuous layer of smooth muscle under the cartilage plates
epithelium is the same, and goblet cells are present
structure of the bronchioles
lack of cartilage plates and glands (some cartilage may be present at branch points)
smooth muscle layer that is relatively thick
What happens to the epithelium during the transition from the largest bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles?
epithelium goes from ciliated, pseudostratified columnar in the largest bronchioles to simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchiole
acinus
the functional unit of the lung that contains all of the components of the alveoli
Clara cells
simple cuboidal cells that replace goblet cells and secrete a surfce active lipoprotein that keeps the wall sfrom sticking to each other
CC16
an airway fluid marker of pulmonary disease (Clara cell injury)
respiratory bronchioles
the first part of the airway where gas exchange occurs
alveoli start to line the walls
also ciliated and Clara cells (mostly Clara cells)
