LWC6_Ch 4 Part 1 - Sharing the Dharma Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
What is ‘right mindfulness’ in meditation practice?
A
Right mindfulness involves clear awareness of body, feelings, mind, and mental objects without attachment or aversion, maintaining present-moment awareness.
2
Q
What is required before giving tantric empowerments?
A
Check with tantric spiritual mentor. Make sure you’ve received that empowerment and completed requisite retreat and fire pūjā. Giving empowerment and guiding tantric students are big responsibilities.
3
Q
Explain: What should be taught according to students’ levels in the West?
A
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn’t be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don’t misunderstand emptiness teachings.
4
Q
How does understanding progress from information to transformation?
A
Level of understanding grows from just gathering information to critical reflection that impacts your life and choices, leading to stable understanding from years of study and practice.
5
Q
What is meant by: What is ‘Prāsaṅgika’ philosophical view??
A
Prāsaṅgika is the highest philosophical school in Tibetan Buddhism, asserting that phenomena exist conventionally but lack even subtle inherent existence.
6
Q
What does Nāgārjuna say about misperceiving emptiness?
A
By misperception of emptiness, a person of little intelligence is destroyed, like a snake incorrectly seized or a spell incorrectly cast (MMK 24.11).
7
Q
How does the text explain: Explain ‘view?
A
meditation, and conduct’ in Buddhism.,”View is the correct understanding of reality, meditation is the practice that familiarizes the mind with this view, and conduct is living in accordance with these realizations.
8
Q
How did Sthiramati’s previous life as a pigeon influence his scholarship?
A
Born as pigeon perching outside Vasubandhu’s cave, hearing entire Abhidharma recitations. In next life as ordained boy, became renowned Abhidharma scholar due to seeds planted in mindstream when pigeon.
9
Q
What is the purpose of having Dharma centers
A
retreat facilities, and temples?,”To benefit sentient beings by giving them correct information about Buddhadharma, meditation instruction, and access to qualified spiritual mentors and Dharma friends who can support them on the path.
10
Q
What qualifications are needed before giving bodhisattva vows?
A
Make sure you keep bodhisattva precepts well. Know difference between aspiring and engaging bodhicitta, be familiar with ceremonies for each. Know eighteen root and forty-six auxiliary transgressions well.
11
Q
Define ‘impartiality’ in the context of the four ways of sustaining relationships.
A
Impartiality means that whatever our level of practice and realizations, we should act equal to that. It also refers to treating others as we would like them to treat us, establishing closeness free from superiority or inferiority.
12
Q
What does ‘dāna’ refer to in Buddhist practice?
A
Dāna refers to the practice of generosity, one of the six perfections and an essential aspect of Buddhist training.
13
Q
According to the teachings, what is: Define ‘guru yoga’ practice.?
A
Guru yoga is a tantric practice of viewing one’s spiritual mentor as inseparable from Buddha, used to receive blessings and develop realization.
14
Q
How will Buddhism adapt in the West differently than in Tibet?
A
Since many Western cultures exist, uniform ‘Western Buddhism’ won’t exist. Even within one country, many different Buddhist traditions will emerge. Adaptation needs joint effort of qualified Asian teachers and sincere Western practitioners.
15
Q
How did King Sivi demonstrate words of truth in the Sivi-Jātaka?
A
King gave both eyes to god Śakra disguised as blind brahmin. To illustrate purity of motivation, king spoke words of truth restoring one eye, then spoke again saying greater joy came from giving, restoring second eye.
16
Q
How can Buddhism coexist with Confucian values in Asia?
A
Confucius instructed respect for elders and parents. Buddha gave similar advice to ordinary people and encouraged monastics to respect those senior in ordination. Respecting those more experienced and wiser is good advice.
17
Q
Explain: Explain ‘arhat’ as the fourth level of liberation.
A
Arhat represents complete liberation from cyclic existence through elimination of all afflictions, but lacking the full knowledge and compassion of buddhas.
18
Q
What is ‘engaged Buddhism’ in contemporary practice?
A
Engaged Buddhism applies Buddhist principles to social, political, and environmental issues, extending compassion and wisdom to societal problems.
19
Q
What does ‘upāsikā’ and ‘upāsaka’ refer to?
A
These terms refer to female and male lay practitioners who have taken refuge and follow the five precepts.
20
Q
What is meant by: What should teachers only instruct based on their own experience??
A
Teach only what you have conviction in. Don’t teach everything you’ve learned, but only things you’ve experienced and which will benefit the audience.
21
Q
How does the text explain: What is needed for standardizing translation terms??
A
To standardize translation terms, scholars and practitioners could meet and gradually come to consensus. Asian scholars cannot decide this. Much thought required to select appropriate terms by those knowledgeable in language and meaning.
22
Q
Define ‘paritrāṇa’ and its Pāli equivalent.
A
Paritrāṇa (Sanskrit) and paritta (Pāli) refer to protective discourses or protective scriptures.
23
Q
According to the teachings, what is: What is needed for standardizing translation terms??
A
To standardize translation terms, scholars and practitioners could meet and gradually come to consensus. Asian scholars cannot decide this. Much thought required to select appropriate terms by those knowledgeable in language and meaning.
24
Q
How should resistance to certain topics be handled?
A
As students grow, gradually introduce more topics according to their level. If they have resistance, answer questions and encourage putting difficult topics on back burner to return later. Don’t change Dharma by saying Buddha didn’t teach something.
25
Explain: Explain 'mindfulness' and 'introspective awareness'.
Mindfulness maintains attention on the meditation object, while introspective awareness monitors the quality of mindfulness, checking if mind has wandered or become dull.
26
What is the purpose of reciting the Diamond Sūtra verse before teaching?
Recalling insubstantial nature of world helps teacher sustain pure motivation for teaching, one not defiled by worldly concerns like wish to receive offerings, praise, reputation, or large devoted following.
27
How does the text explain: What are the three forms of generosity in Chinese Buddhism's four all-embracing virtues??
(1) Giving material and financial support, (2) giving sentient beings confidence and freedom from fear, worry, and anxiety, and (3) teaching living beings the Dharma of the Three Baskets.
28
According to the teachings, what is: What is 'completion stage' practice in tantra??
Completion stage involves working with subtle energies, winds, and consciousness rather than external visualizations, leading to illusory body and clear light realizations.
29
What determines the power of words of truth?
Power depends on sincerity, compassion, and truth of person who utters them. As we continue practicing - living ethically, being generous, generating loving-kindness, studying teachings - power of declaring words of truth increases.
30
How should affectionate speech be practiced according to Chinese Buddhism?
Speaking politely, consoling others, giving wise advice without forcing ideas, respecting and listening carefully, praising and encouraging others, and always thinking about how to influence others toward virtue.
31
What permissions should be sought before teaching advanced practices?
If teacher asks you to instruct, you may do so. If people ask you to teach, ask permission from spiritual mentor. For refuge, bodhisattva vow, tantric empowerment - check with teacher, receive approval and instruction.
32
Who was Hatthaka of Āḷavī and how did he exemplify the four ways?
One of Buddha's foremost lay disciples who sustained over five hundred lay followers by applying the four ways of sustaining favorable relationships as taught by the Buddha.
33
Explain 'right intention' in the eightfold path.
Right intention involves motivation based on renunciation, loving-kindness, and compassion rather than greed, hatred, and harmful intent.
34
What is 'fire pūjā' or 'homa' in tantric practice?
Fire pūjā is a tantric ritual offering to deities through fire, often required completion before being qualified to give certain empowerments.
35
Summarize: What is 'right mindfulness' in meditation practice?
Right mindfulness involves clear awareness of body, feelings, mind, and mental objects without attachment or aversion, maintaining present-moment awareness.
36
What approach works for non-Buddhists interested in Tibet?
Emphasize secular ethics and compassion, patience, kindness, seeing best qualities in others, positive self-confidence. Include scientific findings, antidotes for disturbing emotions. Explain basic human nature is gentle, kind, compassionate.
37
Explain: What is the proper motivation for lamas teaching abroad to raise monastery funds?
Teaching Dharma only with thought of raising money is not correct. Those needing funds should be straightforward - show architectural designs, estimated budget, phases of project. Don't make people feel obliged to give.
38
What constitutes impure teaching according to the Buddha in SN 16.3?
Teaching with the thought 'may they listen to me, gain confidence, and show confidence to me' is impure - lacking humility, not respecting Buddha and Dharma, seeking offerings, reputation, and status.
39
What is meant by: What words of truth did Buddha speak in Smaller Amitābha Sūtra??
Buddha declared that good men and women of pure faith who hear Amitāyus Buddha's name and learn of Pure Land should receive teaching with faith, arouse aspiration, practice as prescribed, and attain birth in that buddha land.
40
Summarize: What does 'stream-entry' represent in Buddhist attainment?
Stream-entry is the first level of liberation where one directly realizes emptiness and becomes an ārya, guaranteed to reach full liberation within seven lifetimes.
41
According to the teachings, what is: Explain 'three doors' in Buddhist practice.?
The three doors are body, speech, and mind - the three aspects of being that must be purified and transformed through practice.
42
How does the text explain: Why are various practices needed for transforming the mind??
Sentient beings have so many distorted thoughts and disturbing emotions that one teaching or practice cannot address all. Mind is complicated, and transforming it requires sophisticated and complex practices.
43
What is meant by: Define 'paritrāṇa' and its Pāli equivalent.?
Paritrāṇa (Sanskrit) and paritta (Pāli) refer to protective discourses or protective scriptures.
44
What is the vision for Buddhist centers in Western cities?
Would like to see nonsectarian Buddhist centers with teachings from all traditions - single Buddhist temple with statues representing Theravāda, four Tibetan traditions, Zen, and including Tārā for balance.
45
Summarize: What is the Buddhist approach to investigation?
Buddhist approach must be based on fact and investigation. If we find anything in Buddha's words that doesn't comply with reality, we shouldn't accept it literally. Statements about flat world and Mount Meru were from prevailing worldview.
46
How does the text explain: What does 'authenticity' mean in Buddhist practice??
Authenticity involves genuine practice motivated by wisdom and compassion rather than seeking status, identity, or external validation through Buddhist involvement.
47
What does 'blessing' mean in Buddhist context?
Blessing refers to positive transformation of mind through connection with enlightened beings' qualities, not external magical intervention but inner spiritual development.
48
According to the teachings, what is: What approach should people take when accepting Buddhism??
People accepting Buddhism should take the essence and adapt it to their own culture. Adopting Asian culture or customs isn't necessary for practicing Buddhism - even wearing Tibetan clothes doesn't make you Tibetan!
49
What role do Buddhist monasteries play in preserving Dharma?
Establishing and supporting Buddhist monasteries in West is important. Vinaya lists over hundred rites and activities based on saṅghakarman - group decisions by consensus. One individual alone doesn't have power for these decisions.
50
What are the 'afflictions' or 'disturbing emotions'?
Afflictions (kleśas) are mental factors like attachment, anger, and ignorance that disturb mental peace and perpetuate suffering and rebirth.
51
How should the sequence of path teachings be reconsidered for Western audiences?
Teaching beginners about relying on spiritual master confuses them. Beginning with four truths and two truths is more skillful for Western spiritual seekers, building firm foundation before difficult subjects.
52
What is the difference between intellectual understanding and realization?
Intellectual understanding is comparatively easy to gain, while realization and experience are more difficult to cultivate and require years of continuous practice. Don't confuse blissful experiences with becoming a great sage.
53
What are the three parts of Buddhism that can be shared differently?
(1) Buddhist science - theories about particles, levels of mind, cognition process; (2) Buddhist philosophy - impermanence, emptiness, interdependence; (3) Buddhist religion/spirituality - awakening and path to attain it.
54
What is meant by: What is the proper motivation for lamas teaching abroad to raise monastery funds??
Teaching Dharma only with thought of raising money is not correct. Those needing funds should be straightforward - show architectural designs, estimated budget, phases of project. Don't make people feel obliged to give.
55
According to the teachings, what is: What role should philosophical study play for Western students??
Study of philosophical texts can deepen understanding and help meditation practice. This should be available for Westerners who find it valuable. Hope Westerners continue tradition of deep philosophical study beneficial for centuries.
56
How does the text explain: What does 'empowerment' (abhiṣeka) involve in tantra??
Empowerment is a ritual initiation that plants seeds for tantric realization, authorizes practice of specific deities, and establishes connection with tantric lineage.
57
How should Western approach resemble Indian masters' methods?
Since Buddhism is new in West with multiplicity of philosophical, religious, scientific views, best to return to Indian masters' way: first study, then on basis of correct understanding, come to have faith.
58
According to the teachings, what is: Define the four ways of gathering disciples in Tibetan Buddhism.?
The four ways are: (1) being generous and giving material aid, (2) teaching the Dharma according to the capacity of disciples, (3) encouraging them to practice, and (4) acting congruently and living the teachings through example.
59
According to the teachings, what is: What teaching method did the Buddha employ with disciples??
Buddha didn't simply lecture while disciples listened passively. Questions and answers are good for both teacher and students. Ask questions, encourage broadmindedness and creativity in exploring topics.
60
Explain 'three doors' in Buddhist practice.
The three doors are body, speech, and mind - the three aspects of being that must be purified and transformed through practice.
61
What are the benefits of practicing the four all-embracing virtues?
They benefit ourselves, the people we interact with, and society in general, serving as methods used by bodhisattvas to inspire others' interest in the Dharma.
62
What should teachers only instruct based on their own experience?
Teach only what you have conviction in. Don't teach everything you've learned, but only things you've experienced and which will benefit the audience.
63
What is 'right livelihood' in Buddhist ethics?
Right livelihood means earning one's living through means that don't harm others, avoiding occupations involving killing, intoxicants, weapons, slavery, or fortune-telling.
64
How does the text explain: Define 'impartiality' in the context of the four ways of sustaining relationships.?
Impartiality means that whatever our level of practice and realizations, we should act equal to that. It also refers to treating others as we would like them to treat us, establishing closeness free from superiority or inferiority.
65
What are the essential virtuous qualities for Dharma sharers?
Study Dharma and practice under qualified mentors, cultivate Buddha's prescribed qualities for spiritual mentors, keep good ethical conduct, constantly check motivation, remember being always Buddha's student, cultivate patience and compassion.
66
How does the text explain: What is meant by 'single-pointed concentration'??
This refers to śamatha or calm abiding meditation where the mind can remain focused on its object without distraction for extended periods.
67
Define 'non-attachment' versus 'detachment'.
Non-attachment means engaging fully without clinging to outcomes, while detachment implies withdrawal. Non-attachment allows compassionate engagement without suffering.
68
What is meant by: What are some ways to benefit sentient beings beyond teaching??
Chanting protective scriptures and mantras, performing offering ceremonies, reciting words of truth, enabling sentient beings to contact holy objects, and recollecting the Buddha.
69
Define the four ways of gathering disciples in Tibetan Buddhism.
The four ways are: (1) being generous and giving material aid, (2) teaching the Dharma according to the capacity of disciples, (3) encouraging them to practice, and (4) acting congruently and living the teachings through example.
70
What level of personal sharing is appropriate in teaching?
Tell students of internal struggles - confronting anger, attachment, doubt requires persistence. Describe how you use Dharma to purify and transform mind. Avoid extremes of turning teaching into emotional tales.
71
Explain: What are the two types of people who take interest in religion?
One type wants help for this life and protection from harm - not interested in philosophy, simply accept what told. Another type thinks about human nature, investigates mind's nature, life's purpose, what happens after death.
72
What must be cultivated before instructing others according to the text?
Essential to cultivate your own understanding under guidance of a qualified spiritual mentor through listening to teachings, studying hard, and relating what you learn to your life.
73
Define 'primordial wisdom' in Buddhist understanding.
Primordial wisdom refers to the natural awareness that recognizes emptiness, present in all beings but obscured by ignorance and conceptual elaborations.
74
How should teachers handle their own limitations in knowledge?
When you don't know the answer to a student's question, clearly say so. Evading, humiliating the questioner, or making up answers to avoid losing face damages both teacher and student.
75
According to the teachings, what is: How should teachers include themselves in advice??
Avoid giving prescriptions as if advice didn't pertain to you. Include yourself - saying 'When we get angry...' reminds students you're sincere and honest and expect the same from them.
76
What preference is expressed regarding monastery and center decoration?
Prefer richness of Dharma be in our heart, not outside in environment. Encourage simplicity in décor of monasteries, Dharma centers, and retreat centers, following Milarepa's example of empty cave practice.
77
Why should Vajrayāna be introduced carefully?
Many people exposed to Vajrayāna too soon. Some put off by lack of proper Buddhist worldview foundation. Others started visualizing deities without understanding purpose or correct method. Buddha began with four establishments of mindfulness.
78
What does 'saṃgrahavastu' literally mean in Sanskrit?
The term means 'gathering' or 'assembling' things/methods, referring to the four ways of gathering disciples.
79
What example should teachers emulate regarding emotional independence?
Emulate great practitioners like Milarepa who, due to renunciation, have great love for sentient beings. Because compassion is free from attachment, everyone is their friend. Such practitioners have no attachment needs and prefer no companions.
80
Summarize: What is better regarding Buddhist teachers and center finances?
Better if resident Buddhist teachers not involved with finances of center. They must concentrate on teaching while members manage center's finances. Neither should be influenced by benefactors making large donations.
81
How does the text explain: What are the 'two collections' mentioned in Tibetan offering formulas??
The two collections refer to the collection of merit (puṇya-sambhāra) and the collection of wisdom (jñāna-sambhāra) necessary for buddhahood.
82
Define 'right effort' in Buddhist training.
Right effort involves balanced energy applied to abandoning unwholesome states, preventing their arising, developing wholesome states, and maintaining them.
83
According to the teachings, what is: Why might younger generations in Buddhist countries turn away from Buddhism??
As younger generation reexamines old traditions, they sometimes discard Buddhism along with ancestor worship and turn to other religions. Considering oneself Buddhist simply because of family tradition without understanding doesn't have much meaning.
84
What is meant by: What is the Wylie transliteration for the Tibetan term for these four ways??
The text doesn't provide the specific Tibetan term, but refers to 'rjes snang' for certain permissory rituals.
85
How does the text explain: What is 'completion stage' practice in tantra??
Completion stage involves working with subtle energies, winds, and consciousness rather than external visualizations, leading to illusory body and clear light realizations.
86
How does the actual Dharma Jewel relate to culture?
The actual Dharma Jewel - true cessations and true paths in āryas' mindstreams - doesn't depend on culture and is same for all realized beings regardless of when or where they lived.
87
Summarize: What example illustrates 'conducting ourselves in a profitable way'?
One bodhisattva spent his life repairing roads, building bridges, and carrying things for the elderly without losing heart, showing how social welfare projects demonstrate that compassion is not merely words.
88
How does the text explain: How can Buddhism coexist with Confucian values in Asia??
Confucius instructed respect for elders and parents. Buddha gave similar advice to ordinary people and encouraged monastics to respect those senior in ordination. Respecting those more experienced and wiser is good advice.
89
How does the text explain: How should teachers approach those with keen interest but lacking basic Buddhist concepts??
More academic approach explaining two truths, four truths, rebirth and karma, structure of path. Talk about dependent arising. Let them reflect - time needed to think and gain certainty.
90
What does Tibetan tradition say about profits from selling Dharma materials?
Issue taken so seriously that you should avoid eating at home of person living on proceeds from selling Dharma books and statues. Giving proceeds to monastic community for food or clothes not appropriate.
91
How does the text explain: What is 'right mindfulness' in meditation practice??
Right mindfulness involves clear awareness of body, feelings, mind, and mental objects without attachment or aversion, maintaining present-moment awareness.
92
How does the text explain: What is formal recollection of the Buddha and its benefits??
Reflecting on Buddha's qualities one by one. Much deeper and more impactful than reciting sūtras quickly. Done meditatively, it can lead to samādhi and generates faith, inspiring us to generate holy beings' qualities like compassion.
93
What is meant by: What is the proper motivation for lamas teaching abroad to raise monastery funds??
Teaching Dharma only with thought of raising money is not correct. Those needing funds should be straightforward - show architectural designs, estimated budget, phases of project. Don't make people feel obliged to give.
94
How does the text explain: What teachings reflect the nature of reality and cannot be changed??
Four truths, two truths, eightfold path of āryas, rebirth, karma and its effects, and nature of mind reflect reality and the process of human perfection. These address basic human nature, suffering, and potential.
95
Explain the 'thirty-seven harmonies with awakening'.
These are thirty-seven practices conducive to awakening, including the four establishments of mindfulness, beginning level of Buddha's systematic teaching.
96
Explain: What would be helpful for both Asian and Western teachers?
Establishment of teachers' training programs emphasizing teaching skills, communication, mediation, and counseling skills. For those unfamiliar with government regulations, learning to observe those is important.
97
How does the text explain: How should teachers handle their own limitations in knowledge??
When you don't know the answer to a student's question, clearly say so. Evading, humiliating the questioner, or making up answers to avoid losing face damages both teacher and student.
98
What is suitable for audiences with some Buddhist understanding?
People who accept saṃsāra and nirvāṇa existence, heard about emptiness and dependent arising. Usual Buddhist approach is suitable - teach Dharma text or explain topics from Buddhist worldview perspective.
99
How does the text explain: How do the six perfections differ from the four ways of gathering disciples in their perspective??
The six perfections are taught from the viewpoint of how to attain awakening ourselves, whereas the four ways of gathering disciples are given from the perspective of how to lead others on the path to awakening.
100
How does the text explain: How can Buddhism coexist with Confucian values in Asia??
Confucius instructed respect for elders and parents. Buddha gave similar advice to ordinary people and encouraged monastics to respect those senior in ordination. Respecting those more experienced and wiser is good advice.
101
Summarize: How should the sequence of path teachings be reconsidered for Western audiences?
Teaching beginners about relying on spiritual master confuses them. Beginning with four truths and two truths is more skillful for Western spiritual seekers, building firm foundation before difficult subjects.
102
How does the text explain: What is the proper motivation for lamas teaching abroad to raise monastery funds??
Teaching Dharma only with thought of raising money is not correct. Those needing funds should be straightforward - show architectural designs, estimated budget, phases of project. Don't make people feel obliged to give.
103
What is meant by: How did King Sivi demonstrate words of truth in the Sivi-Jātaka??
King gave both eyes to god Śakra disguised as blind brahmin. To illustrate purity of motivation, king spoke words of truth restoring one eye, then spoke again saying greater joy came from giving, restoring second eye.
104
According to the teachings, what is: What should teachers do about knowledge gaps??
Ask your teachers to explain unclear points, discuss them with Dharma friends, and research them in scriptures. Seek help and guidance, don't think that having the name 'teacher' means you should know everything.
105
What happened when the Buddha taught the Jewel Sutta at Vaiśālī?
City was undergoing hardship due to famine, evil spirits, and plague. Buddha taught this sūtra on Three Jewels' qualities with loving-kindness and compassion. Through power of reciting and citizens' faith, demons fled and good conditions were restored.
106
According to the teachings, what is: What did five hundred arhats do at the First Council to show respect for Dharma??
They stacked their saffron upper robes to make throne on which reciter would sit. Such veneration was accorded not to person but to teachings explaining true paths and true cessations.
107
Why might younger generations in Buddhist countries turn away from Buddhism?
As younger generation reexamines old traditions, they sometimes discard Buddhism along with ancestor worship and turn to other religions. Considering oneself Buddhist simply because of family tradition without understanding doesn't have much meaning.
108
How does the text explain: Define 'Trāyastriṃśa' and its Pāli equivalent.?
Trāyastriṃśa (Sanskrit) and Tāvatiṃsa (Pāli) refer to the Celestial Realm of the Thirty-Three, one of the heavenly realms.
109
Summarize: What does the Vinaya Sūtra say about priorities for Buddha statue ornaments?
If monastic is sick with no one to care and no money, selling ornaments from buddha statue to buy medicine is permissible. After recovery, money should be repaid. Shows Buddha's deep concern for practitioners.
110
According to the teachings, what is: How should resistance to certain topics be handled??
As students grow, gradually introduce more topics according to their level. If they have resistance, answer questions and encourage putting difficult topics on back burner to return later. Don't change Dharma by saying Buddha didn't teach something.
111
What was the difference between Indian and Tibetan teaching contexts?
In ancient India, non-Buddhist teachers had strong influence, so Indian sages emphasized reasoning to distinguish correct from incorrect beliefs. In Tibet, no strong rival philosophical systems existed, so points debated in India were automatically accepted.
112
Explain: Why is the Dharma considered our real refuge?
Dharma is object of our highest respect. Śākyamuni Buddha is product of Dharma Jewel - true paths and true cessations. Since we venerate his resultant awakening, we should also esteem its causes, the Dharma teachings.
113
How long should the process of developing guru-devotion take?
Tell people not to think of teacher as guru but as spiritual friend. Devotion isn't just saying 'Buddha and teacher are wonderful!' Guru yoga comes later, after ten, fifteen, or even twenty years.
114
How does the text explain: How should a Dharma teacher embody the fourth way of gathering disciples??
Act in ways congruent with what you teach - being a good example that inspires others to practice and increases their faith in the Three Jewels. Practice what you preach and live according to Buddha's teachings.
115
Summarize: How should teachers handle charging for teachings when necessary?
Given reality, teachers may be forced to charge for teachings to cover expenses - rent, travel, food - but should clarify minimum is charged just for what's needed. Educate Westerners that giving freely is part of generosity practice.
116
Define 'ethical conduct' or 'śīla' in Buddhism.
Śīla refers to ethical discipline involving abandoning harmful actions of body, speech, and mind, creating the foundation for all higher spiritual practices.
117
According to the teachings, what is: Why is discussion and debate valuable for learning??
In Tibetan monasteries, most learning occurs in debate yard - students must discuss with one another, struggle to understand difficult points, gaining confidence. Learning isn't remembering facts but learning to think properly.
118
How should teachers approach those with keen interest but lacking basic Buddhist concepts?
More academic approach explaining two truths, four truths, rebirth and karma, structure of path. Talk about dependent arising. Let them reflect - time needed to think and gain certainty.
119
What attitude ensures no problems arise for teachers?
If teacher is sincere and dedicated to helping others without concern for fame, problems will not arise. But if teacher has great status yet lacks corresponding spiritual realizations, danger of creating image to protect oneself.
120
What is the main aim of Buddhism regarding others?
Main aim of Buddhism is to benefit others, not to convert people to Buddhism. Think about how to benefit others with Dharma, not how to spread your tradition and gain the greatest number of followers.
121
What story illustrates the power of hearing Dharma accidentally?
Frog hearing Buddha teach was crushed by cowherd's stick and born in Celestial Realm. Seeking cause of wonderful rebirth, saw it was due to hearing Buddha's voice. With gratitude, former frog became stream-enterer.
122
What is the second area of caution in Buddhist teaching?
Temptation to dilute Buddha's teachings to make them acceptable to larger number of people. Harmful to leave out Dharma aspects because concerned students won't find them pleasing and stop attending center.
123
What determines how extensive a teaching should be?
Simplicity keeps students focused on important points and prevents feeling lost. But if too concise, students may lose sight of wider picture and be unable to understand points in proper context.
124
What are more effective teachings for general Western audiences?
Practical teachings like stages of path to awakening and mind training are more effective than sophisticated philosophical texts. Most non-Buddhists come seeking help calming afflictions and creating better relationships.
125
What words of truth did Buddha speak in Smaller Amitābha Sūtra?
Buddha declared that good men and women of pure faith who hear Amitāyus Buddha's name and learn of Pure Land should receive teaching with faith, arouse aspiration, practice as prescribed, and attain birth in that buddha land.
126
According to the teachings, what is: Define 'refuge' in the Three Jewels.?
Taking refuge means relying on Buddha (guide), Dharma (path and goal), and Saṅgha (spiritual community) as sources of protection from suffering.
127
Define 'guru yoga' practice.
Guru yoga is a tantric practice of viewing one's spiritual mentor as inseparable from Buddha, used to receive blessings and develop realization.
128
According to the teachings, what is: How did some attendants circumvent the equal throne height rule??
Clever attendants managed to slip slate under cushion of their teacher's throne. When all others' cushions compressed from being sat on, lama sitting on seat with slate appeared higher than others.
129
How do holy objects benefit beings even without understanding?
Just hearing Dharma words expressing goodness or seeing Dharma objects sets good latencies on sentient beings' minds, even if they lack ability to understand. These latencies will ripen in future Dharma connection.
130
What is meant by: What example illustrates 'conducting ourselves in a profitable way'??
One bodhisattva spent his life repairing roads, building bridges, and carrying things for the elderly without losing heart, showing how social welfare projects demonstrate that compassion is not merely words.
131
How should teaching event finances be handled?
Organizers should estimate cost based on past experience and not charge more than necessary to cover expenses. Announce income and expenditures to audience, including where surplus income will be donated.
132
What does 'authenticity' mean in Buddhist practice?
Authenticity involves genuine practice motivated by wisdom and compassion rather than seeking status, identity, or external validation through Buddhist involvement.
133
What does 'satyavacana' mean and what is its Pāli equivalent?
Satyavacana (Sanskrit) and saccavacana (Pāli) mean 'words of truth' - statements of fact whose truth assures the occurrence of an event.
134
How should teachers approach their teaching role identity?
Until attaining full awakening, you're always Buddha's student. Occasionally you may temporarily perform teaching role, but it's not who you are. Don't construct identity around it.
135
Explain 'merit' in Buddhist understanding.
Merit (puṇya) refers to positive karmic energy accumulated through virtuous actions that leads to happiness and favorable conditions for practice.
136
Explain 'wisdom' (prajñā) in Buddhist context.
Prajñā is the wisdom that realizes the ultimate nature of reality, particularly emptiness, and can discern between what is beneficial and harmful.
137
What does 'three kayas' refer to in Buddha's embodiment?
The three kayas are dharmakaya (truth body), sambhogakaya (enjoyment body), and nirmanakaya (emanation body) - different aspects of Buddha's enlightened existence.
138
What is the main factor for transforming minds?
Reflection on four truths, two truths, loving kindness, and altruism. Without reflecting first on these points, benefit of watching breath or visualizing tantric deities is limited.
139
What is the first area of caution regarding Western Buddhism?
Students may have unrealistic projections and expectations of Dharma teachers. Black-and-white thinking leads to idolizing teachers with unrealistic expectations. Make clear from beginning you're ordinary practitioner, not superhuman.
140
How is 'saṅgahavatthu' translated from Pāli?
The Pāli term means 'ways of sustaining favorable relationships' (note the difference in translation from the same concept).
141
What are the consequences of improper behavior by Dharma teachers?
Scandals may occur due to lack of practice depth, intellectual-only knowledge, infatuation with student devotion, or failure to apply antidotes to afflictions. This destroys student respect and creates causes for the teacher's suffering and unfortunate rebirth.
142
Explain: What does 'skillful means' (upāya) involve?
Skillful means refers to the wisdom of knowing how to benefit others in the most effective way, adapting methods to their capacity and needs.
143
How do Tibetans pronounce Sanskrit compared to Indian scholars?
Generally, Tibetans do not pronounce Sanskrit correctly. When hearing Indian scholars, especially from Varanasi University, recite Sanskrit mantras and texts, it's very touching and inspiring with remarkable melodies.
144
What is essential versus non-essential in Buddhist traditions?
Essential to preserve is that which directly leads to liberation and awakening and is useful in daily life. Cultural aspects arising from society change with time and need not be maintained.
145
Why are various practices needed for transforming the mind?
Sentient beings have so many distorted thoughts and disturbing emotions that one teaching or practice cannot address all. Mind is complicated, and transforming it requires sophisticated and complex practices.
146
What is 'right speech' in Buddhist ethics?
Right speech involves speaking truthfully, kindly, and beneficially, avoiding lying, harsh words, divisive speech, and idle chatter.
147
What does 'renunciation' mean in Buddhist context?
Renunciation is the strong determination to be free from saṃsāra, recognizing that lasting happiness cannot be found in cyclic existence.
148
Define 'loving-kindness' in Buddhist meditation.
Loving-kindness is the wish for all beings to have happiness and its causes, the foundation for developing universal compassion.
149
Explain 'right concentration' in the eightfold path.
Right concentration refers to the four dhyānas or absorption states developed through sustained meditation practice, providing foundation for wisdom.
150
Summarize: What is the proper approach to promoting Buddhism in non-Buddhist societies?
Promoting Buddhism with the idea to convert people is not right. Religion should not be forced on anyone. When people want to learn, our responsibility is to teach them or refer them to teachers.
151
What would be helpful for both Asian and Western teachers?
Establishment of teachers' training programs emphasizing teaching skills, communication, mediation, and counseling skills. For those unfamiliar with government regulations, learning to observe those is important.
152
Summarize: How did Sthiramati's previous life as a pigeon influence his scholarship?
Born as pigeon perching outside Vasubandhu's cave, hearing entire Abhidharma recitations. In next life as ordained boy, became renowned Abhidharma scholar due to seeds planted in mindstream when pigeon.
153
What does 'conventional existence' mean?
Conventional existence refers to how things appear and function in everyday experience, valid for practical purposes while lacking ultimate or inherent existence.
154
Explain: What is the first area of caution regarding Western Buddhism?
Students may have unrealistic projections and expectations of Dharma teachers. Black-and-white thinking leads to idolizing teachers with unrealistic expectations. Make clear from beginning you're ordinary practitioner, not superhuman.
155
What did five hundred arhats do at the First Council to show respect for Dharma?
They stacked their saffron upper robes to make throne on which reciter would sit. Such veneration was accorded not to person but to teachings explaining true paths and true cessations.
156
Explain 'lineage' in Buddhist transmission.
Lineage refers to the unbroken chain of transmission of teachings and blessings from Buddha through qualified masters to the present, ensuring authenticity and effectiveness.
157
How do the four ways appear in the Aṅguttara Nikāya of the Pāli canon?
As four ways of sustaining favorable relationships: (1) by giving, (2) by friendly and endearing speech, (3) by encouraging acts and beneficent conduct, and (4) by acting impartially, in a way equal to one's words.
158
How did some attendants circumvent the equal throne height rule?
Clever attendants managed to slip slate under cushion of their teacher's throne. When all others' cushions compressed from being sat on, lama sitting on seat with slate appeared higher than others.
159
What verse from Diamond Sūtra do teachers recite before sitting to teach?
'A star, a visual aberration, a flame of a lamp, an illusion, a drop of dew, or a bubble, a dream, a flash of lightning, a cloud - see conditioned things as such.'
160
How does the text explain: How do Tibetans pronounce Sanskrit compared to Indian scholars??
Generally, Tibetans do not pronounce Sanskrit correctly. When hearing Indian scholars, especially from Varanasi University, recite Sanskrit mantras and texts, it's very touching and inspiring with remarkable melodies.
161
What caution is given about changing Dharma explanations?
Be careful not to change explanation of the path so it corresponds to what you like or feels comfortable. Although teaching according to dispositions, it's harmful to leave out aspects because you're concerned students won't find them pleasing.
162
Why is distinguishing Buddha's teachings from cultural overlays difficult?
Many Asian teachers aren't aware how their culture mixed with Buddhism over centuries. Few Western students are aware of their cultural preconceptions and how these influence their understanding of Dharma and Buddhist practices.
163
Explain 'generation stage' in tantric meditation.
Generation stage involves visualizing oneself as a deity and the environment as a pure land, transforming ordinary perception through divine pride and clear appearance.
164
What is meant by: Why is sincerity important in teaching the Dharma??
The Buddha's example of fasting for six years illustrates inner strength and determination. Using Buddha's name and teachings for personal gain without taking them seriously is sad and dishonest.
165
Explain: How should those practicing bodhicitta approach merit-making?
Those practicing bodhicitta should be more concerned with benefiting sentient beings than creating merit for themselves, supporting schools, healthcare, old-age homes, and social services, plus helping genuine practitioners.
166
Summarize: What is the purpose of having Dharma centers
retreat facilities, and temples?,"To benefit sentient beings by giving them correct information about Buddhadharma, meditation instruction, and access to qualified spiritual mentors and Dharma friends who can support them on the path.
167
Explain: What does 'dependent arising' or 'dependent origination' teach?
Dependent arising shows that all phenomena arise in dependence upon causes, conditions, and conceptual designation - nothing exists independently or inherently.
168
Why is discussion and debate valuable for learning?
In Tibetan monasteries, most learning occurs in debate yard - students must discuss with one another, struggle to understand difficult points, gaining confidence. Learning isn't remembering facts but learning to think properly.
169
What schedule is recommended for teachers to maintain practice?
Advise those who teach Dharma to spend few months each year focusing on personal practice and few months teaching others. Must have time to develop own practice and deepen understanding to effectively teach.
170
What are the two types of people who take interest in religion?
One type wants help for this life and protection from harm - not interested in philosophy, simply accept what told. Another type thinks about human nature, investigates mind's nature, life's purpose, what happens after death.
171
Summarize: What should be a teacher's principal occupation?
Improving the state of your mind is your principal occupation, not becoming a famous teacher or building a big Buddhist organization with yourself at the head. Until full awakening, you remain Buddha's disciple.
172
How are words of truth expressed in Tibetan Buddhism offerings?
'By power of truth of Three Jewels, power of inspiration of all buddhas and bodhisattvas, great might of completed two collections, and power of intrinsically pure inconceivable sphere of reality, may [offerings] become suchness.'
173
What is meant by: What did five hundred arhats do at the First Council to show respect for Dharma??
They stacked their saffron upper robes to make throne on which reciter would sit. Such veneration was accorded not to person but to teachings explaining true paths and true cessations.
174
What does 'pure perception' mean in tantric practice?
Pure perception involves seeing all beings as buddhas, all sounds as mantra, and all phenomena as displays of bliss and emptiness, transforming ordinary experience.
175
What is meant by: Define 'retreat' in Buddhist practice.?
Retreat involves intensive practice in isolation for specific periods, ranging from short meditation retreats to traditional three-year, three-month, three-day retreats.
176
How should teachers balance teaching responsibilities with personal practice?
Practitioners need to balance teaching others with own practice. When teaching, daily meditation shortened but Dharma becomes more effective because thinking deeply. Students' questions require reflecting on Dharma meaning to answer properly.
177
How does the text explain: What idealistic thinking about Buddhism should be avoided??
Sometimes we think if Buddha were alive now, all seven billion people would become Buddhists. But even during Buddha's time, entire population didn't follow Buddhadharma. If someone finds Buddhism illogical, convincing them is foolish.
178
What type of faith should teachers cultivate in students?
Invigorate students to develop faith based on reason, inquiry, and analysis. Western students are educated and intelligent - they must use analytic abilities to develop understanding, trust, and confidence. Blind faith is not the objective.
179
What does 'spiritual bypassing' mean in Western Buddhism?
Spiritual bypassing involves using spiritual practices to avoid dealing with psychological issues or responsibilities rather than facing them skillfully.
180
How did the Dalai Lama respond to a woman who said she loved him?
Responded with Nāgārjuna's quote about being like earth, water, wind, fire, medicinal herbs, and trees for all beings' enjoyment. Didn't let it affect mental attitude or behavior toward her.
181
Define 'Trāyastriṃśa' and its Pāli equivalent.
Trāyastriṃśa (Sanskrit) and Tāvatiṃsa (Pāli) refer to the Celestial Realm of the Thirty-Three, one of the heavenly realms.
182
How does the text explain: What approach should people take when accepting Buddhism??
People accepting Buddhism should take the essence and adapt it to their own culture. Adopting Asian culture or customs isn't necessary for practicing Buddhism - even wearing Tibetan clothes doesn't make you Tibetan!
183
What idealistic thinking about Buddhism should be avoided?
Sometimes we think if Buddha were alive now, all seven billion people would become Buddhists. But even during Buddha's time, entire population didn't follow Buddhadharma. If someone finds Buddhism illogical, convincing them is foolish.
184
What is 'equanimity' in the four immeasurables?
Equanimity is the balanced state of mind free from attachment and aversion, wishing all beings to remain in happiness and peace without bias.
185
According to the teachings, what is: What is the proper teacher-student emotional boundary??
Don't look to students to fulfill emotional needs and don't try to fulfill theirs. You're not their therapist, loving parent they never had, or best friend. Job is to teach and encourage in Dharma with kindness and compassion.
186
How does the text explain: What is the traditional approach to Dharma teaching payment??
Traditionally, Dharma teachings are freely offered, and students, knowing teachers need food, shelter, clothing, medicine, travel expenses, offer support according to ability. This custom not well-known in West.
187
How does the text explain: What would benefit Asian Buddhist communities according to the text??
People in Asia and Asian communities in West would benefit greatly from more Dharma study as prelude to practice. Buddhists should conduct seminars so people have accurate information about religion of their family.
188
What does 'conscientiousness' mean in Buddhist practice?
Conscientiousness is the mental factor that cherishes virtue and abhors negativity, motivating one to engage in positive actions and avoid harmful ones.
189
What is meant by: What approach should people take when accepting Buddhism??
People accepting Buddhism should take the essence and adapt it to their own culture. Adopting Asian culture or customs isn't necessary for practicing Buddhism - even wearing Tibetan clothes doesn't make you Tibetan!
190
Summarize: Explain 'lineage' in Buddhist transmission.
Lineage refers to the unbroken chain of transmission of teachings and blessings from Buddha through qualified masters to the present, ensuring authenticity and effectiveness.
191
Explain: Define 'liberation' or 'mokṣa' in Buddhism.
Liberation refers to freedom from the cycle of rebirth through elimination of karma and afflictions, attained by arhats and buddhas.
192
What is meant by: How should the sequence of path teachings be reconsidered for Western audiences??
Teaching beginners about relying on spiritual master confuses them. Beginning with four truths and two truths is more skillful for Western spiritual seekers, building firm foundation before difficult subjects.
193
What is meant by: What guidelines apply to lay teachers regarding sexuality??
Layperson's precepts don't prohibit sexual relations, so more danger of misusing sexuality. Best for lay teachers to be married upāsikās or upāsakas living according to five precepts, abandoning unwise sexual behavior.
194
What is the Sanskrit term for the four ways of gathering disciples?
Saṃgrahavastu (Sanskrit) or saṅgahavatthu (Pāli), meaning the four ways of gathering or assembling disciples.
195
What would benefit Asian Buddhist communities according to the text?
People in Asia and Asian communities in West would benefit greatly from more Dharma study as prelude to practice. Buddhists should conduct seminars so people have accurate information about religion of their family.
196
What is 'full awakening' or 'buddhahood'?
Full awakening is the complete elimination of all obscurations and development of all positive qualities, enabling perfect benefit for all beings.
197
Define 'spiritual friendship' in Buddhist community.
Spiritual friendship involves mutually supportive relationships focused on Dharma practice, helping each other progress on the path through encouragement and example.
198
What is meant by: Define 'liberation' or 'mokṣa' in Buddhism.?
Liberation refers to freedom from the cycle of rebirth through elimination of karma and afflictions, attained by arhats and buddhas.
199
What does 'stream-entry' represent in Buddhist attainment?
Stream-entry is the first level of liberation where one directly realizes emptiness and becomes an ārya, guaranteed to reach full liberation within seven lifetimes.
200
How does the text explain: What are the ten qualities of a Mahāyāna spiritual mentor that teachers should develop??
The text references these qualities from Chapter 4 of The Foundation of Buddhist Practice: ethical conduct, meditative experience, understanding of emptiness, knowledge of scriptures, and care for students' well-being.
201
What is the proper teacher-student emotional boundary?
Don't look to students to fulfill emotional needs and don't try to fulfill theirs. You're not their therapist, loving parent they never had, or best friend. Job is to teach and encourage in Dharma with kindness and compassion.
202
What example illustrates 'conducting ourselves in a profitable way'?
One bodhisattva spent his life repairing roads, building bridges, and carrying things for the elderly without losing heart, showing how social welfare projects demonstrate that compassion is not merely words.
203
How does the text explain: What role should philosophical study play for Western students??
Study of philosophical texts can deepen understanding and help meditation practice. This should be available for Westerners who find it valuable. Hope Westerners continue tradition of deep philosophical study beneficial for centuries.
204
What is 'post-meditation' period in practice?
Post-meditation refers to daily activities between formal meditation sessions, when practitioners apply insights gained in meditation to everyday situations.
205
How does the text explain: What are words of truth (satyavacana) and how do they function??
With virtuous state of mind, we declare words of truth - strong determination for happiness, well-being, safety of self and others. Mind becomes channel for Three Jewels' blessing power or transformed into virtue expressing compassionate wishes.
206
What qualifications does Ou-i give for receiving wisdom from hearing Amitābha's name?
Merely hearing name without faith and vows may become long-term causal basis but cannot be called wisdom from hearing. Reciters must have refuge in Three Jewels, meditate on bodhicitta aspiration, maintain ethical conduct.
207
According to the teachings, what is: What should be taught according to students' levels in the West??
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
208
How can Westerners invigorate traditional debate practices?
Practitioners could debate Buddhist versus scientific views of mind's nature, Buddhist and Judeo-Christian views of creation and causality, and soul versus selflessness. This would be valuable for Buddhists, scientists, and other faith followers.
209
According to the teachings, what is: What characterizes pure teaching motivation??
Genuine respect for the Dharma, recognizing good fortune to share it, wishing others to learn, understand, practice and realize the Dharma, teaching with compassion and sincere concern for freedom from cyclic existence.
210
Explain: Why is the Dharma considered our real refuge?
Dharma is object of our highest respect. Śākyamuni Buddha is product of Dharma Jewel - true paths and true cessations. Since we venerate his resultant awakening, we should also esteem its causes, the Dharma teachings.
211
How does the text explain: What does 'conventional existence' mean??
Conventional existence refers to how things appear and function in everyday experience, valid for practical purposes while lacking ultimate or inherent existence.
212
Why should recitations be done in one's own language rather than Tibetan?
Without knowing meaning of words you chant, value of recitation declines sharply. Unless you know Tibetan, do recitations in your own language to understand text and visualize and meditate accordingly.
213
What is meant by: What are protective discourses and their purpose??
Protective discourses (paritrāṇa, paritta) express basic Dharma principles. Chanting and hearing them reminds people of these principles for daily practice, creating auspiciousness and receiving blessings.
214
According to the teachings, what is: What is the primary purpose of being generous in the first way of gathering disciples??
Being generous helps others materially by supplying what they need, which attracts them and opens the door to teach them the Dharma, while ensuring basic necessities are met for sincere practice.
215
What does 'skillful means' (upāya) involve?
Skillful means refers to the wisdom of knowing how to benefit others in the most effective way, adapting methods to their capacity and needs.
216
What is 'mantra' and how does it function?
Mantra consists of sacred syllables that embody the speech of enlightened beings, recited to purify speech and invoke the qualities of specific deities.
217
According to the teachings, what is: What does 'upāsikā' and 'upāsaka' refer to??
These terms refer to female and male lay practitioners who have taken refuge and follow the five precepts.
218
Define 'ultimate existence' versus 'inherent existence'.
Ultimate existence refers to the deepest nature of reality (emptiness), while inherent existence is the mistaken notion that things exist independently from their own side.
219
Summarize: How did King Sivi demonstrate words of truth in the Sivi-Jātaka?
King gave both eyes to god Śakra disguised as blind brahmin. To illustrate purity of motivation, king spoke words of truth restoring one eye, then spoke again saying greater joy came from giving, restoring second eye.
220
What is 'Prāsaṅgika' philosophical view?
Prāsaṅgika is the highest philosophical school in Tibetan Buddhism, asserting that phenomena exist conventionally but lack even subtle inherent existence.
221
Explain 'secular Buddhism' or 'Buddhist modernism'.
Secular Buddhism extracts Buddhist meditation and ethical teachings while minimizing or removing traditional beliefs like rebirth and cosmology.
222
What are the requirements for monastic teachers regarding celibacy?
Monastic teachers must be celibate. Both monastic and lay teachers must avoid touching students inappropriately - in sexual manner or manner someone could misinterpret as sexual in nature.
223
What is the Buddhist approach to investigation?
Buddhist approach must be based on fact and investigation. If we find anything in Buddha's words that doesn't comply with reality, we shouldn't accept it literally. Statements about flat world and Mount Meru were from prevailing worldview.
224
How does the text explain: What is the third area of caution regarding doubt about teachings??
Teacher may have deep doubt about some points and omit teachings or say Buddha didn't really mean that. Cannot dismiss parts of teachings we disagree with and still say we're explaining entire Buddhadharma path.
225
Explain: What determines the power of words of truth?
Power depends on sincerity, compassion, and truth of person who utters them. As we continue practicing - living ethically, being generous, generating loving-kindness, studying teachings - power of declaring words of truth increases.
226
Explain 'mindfulness' and 'introspective awareness'.
Mindfulness maintains attention on the meditation object, while introspective awareness monitors the quality of mindfulness, checking if mind has wandered or become dull.
227
What is meant by: What is the proper teacher-student emotional boundary??
Don't look to students to fulfill emotional needs and don't try to fulfill theirs. You're not their therapist, loving parent they never had, or best friend. Job is to teach and encourage in Dharma with kindness and compassion.
228
Define 'ānubhāva' from Pāli tradition.
Ānubhāva refers to spiritual power that comes from the Buddha's practice and accomplishments, Dharma's true cessations and paths, and Saṅgha's marvelous qualities.
229
What role should philosophical study play for Western students?
Study of philosophical texts can deepen understanding and help meditation practice. This should be available for Westerners who find it valuable. Hope Westerners continue tradition of deep philosophical study beneficial for centuries.
230
Explain: Define 'cooperating with others and adapting ourselves' in the Chinese tradition.
Providing a good example of ethical living and kindness - working in offices without compromising values, being friendly at parties without drinking or taking drugs, living according to precepts naturally without drawing attention.
231
What does 'illusory body' refer to in tantric practice?
Illusory body is an advanced tantric attainment where the practitioner's body appears clearly but is understood to be like an illusion, lacking inherent existence.
232
How should deity and protector practices be introduced to former Christians?
Not wise to teach at beginning, as they easily project God notions onto Buddhist figures, seeing them as external, truly existent beings, leading to blind faith or guilt and fear of punishment.
233
How does the text explain: How should teachers approach the volume of student questions??
Don't expect to answer everyone's questions. Hundred students produce hundred questions and problems. Even Buddha in eighty years couldn't answer all disciples' queries. All sūtras and treatises can't quench all queries.
234
According to the teachings, what is: What are the benefits of practicing the four all-embracing virtues??
They benefit ourselves, the people we interact with, and society in general, serving as methods used by bodhisattvas to inspire others' interest in the Dharma.
235
According to the teachings, what is: How might money from Dharma materials sales be appropriately used??
Perhaps for charitable works or given to hospital or school, but best is to use it to print more Dharma materials. Motivation extremely important - using for spreading Dharma teachings while needing to live may be acceptable.
236
Explain 'root downfall' for monastics.
Root downfalls are the most serious violations of monastic vows that result in loss of ordination, including lying about spiritual attainments.
237
What teachings reflect the nature of reality and cannot be changed?
Four truths, two truths, eightfold path of āryas, rebirth, karma and its effects, and nature of mind reflect reality and the process of human perfection. These address basic human nature, suffering, and potential.
238
What does 'Vajrayāna' literally mean?
Vajrayāna means 'Diamond Vehicle' or 'Thunderbolt Vehicle,' referring to tantric Buddhism that uses advanced practices for swift awakening.
239
What is the primary purpose of being generous in the first way of gathering disciples?
Being generous helps others materially by supplying what they need, which attracts them and opens the door to teach them the Dharma, while ensuring basic necessities are met for sincere practice.
240
How should those practicing bodhicitta approach merit-making?
Those practicing bodhicitta should be more concerned with benefiting sentient beings than creating merit for themselves, supporting schools, healthcare, old-age homes, and social services, plus helping genuine practitioners.
241
Define 'liberation' or 'mokṣa' in Buddhism.
Liberation refers to freedom from the cycle of rebirth through elimination of karma and afflictions, attained by arhats and buddhas.
242
According to the teachings, what is: Why must teachers not be satisfied with limited knowledge??
Do not be satisfied with knowing only one meditation technique, scripture, or tantric practice. For others' benefit, strive to overcome limitations and expand knowledge to be skilled in all vehicles.
243
Summarize: What does 'conventional existence' mean?
Conventional existence refers to how things appear and function in everyday experience, valid for practical purposes while lacking ultimate or inherent existence.
244
What is formal recollection of the Buddha and its benefits?
Reflecting on Buddha's qualities one by one. Much deeper and more impactful than reciting sūtras quickly. Done meditatively, it can lead to samādhi and generates faith, inspiring us to generate holy beings' qualities like compassion.
245
Explain: What is the purpose of having Dharma centers
retreat facilities, and temples?,"To benefit sentient beings by giving them correct information about Buddhadharma, meditation instruction, and access to qualified spiritual mentors and Dharma friends who can support them on the path.
246
What is the key to investigating and finding answers?
If you know the structure of Buddhadharma through deep understanding of four truths, you'll be able to investigate and find answers. Encourage students to discuss and debate teachings to think for themselves.
247
Explain: Define 'once-returner' in Buddhist realization levels.
Once-returner is the second level of liberation where gross attachment and aversion are weakened, requiring at most one more human rebirth to reach liberation.
248
Give an example of words of truth from the Aṅgulimāla Sutta.
Former murderer Aṅgulimāla, seeing woman with deformed child, declared: 'Since I was born with noble birth [becoming ārya], I don't recall intentionally depriving living being of life. By this truth, may you be well and may your infant be well!'
249
How does the text explain: How do the eight worldly concerns affect teachers??
Example of wanting credit for excellent explanation when seeing same method in Tsukang Lama's book - thinking 'I want all credit. If people read his book, they'll think I copied and my reputation as originator will be lost!'
250
What is meant by: How do the four ways appear in the Aṅguttara Nikāya of the Pāli canon??
As four ways of sustaining favorable relationships: (1) by giving, (2) by friendly and endearing speech, (3) by encouraging acts and beneficent conduct, and (4) by acting impartially, in a way equal to one's words.
251
How does the text explain: What should be taught according to students' levels in the West??
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
252
What is meant by: What is considered the best among gifts in the Pāli tradition??
Among gifts, the best is the gift of the Dhamma, as it alone leads others out of duḥkha and to joy.
253
What are protective discourses and their purpose?
Protective discourses (paritrāṇa, paritta) express basic Dharma principles. Chanting and hearing them reminds people of these principles for daily practice, creating auspiciousness and receiving blessings.
254
Explain: Define 'Sukhāvatī' pure land.
Sukhāvatī, the Land of Great Bliss, is Amitābha Buddha's pure land where practitioners aspire to be reborn to continue their path to awakening.
255
According to the teachings, what is: List the twenty benefits of teaching the Dharma mentioned in the scriptures.?
The text mentions there are twenty benefits but specifically notes that when we teach with pure heart and good motivation, as students' understanding increases, a corresponding increase in our own understanding occurs as well.
256
Summarize: What is 'right livelihood' in Buddhist ethics?
Right livelihood means earning one's living through means that don't harm others, avoiding occupations involving killing, intoxicants, weapons, slavery, or fortune-telling.
257
Summarize: Explain 'right concentration' in the eightfold path.
Right concentration refers to the four dhyānas or absorption states developed through sustained meditation practice, providing foundation for wisdom.
258
What is meant by: Explain 'ārya' in Buddhist terminology.?
Ārya refers to 'noble ones' - those who have directly realized emptiness and are on the path of seeing or beyond, including stream-enterers through arhats and bodhisattvas.
259
Summarize: Should Westerners use Asian names or religious titles?
Westerners don't need to use Asian names or religious titles like 'lama.' Much confusion can arise from not understanding meaning, and no uniform way of acquiring Tibetan titles exists.
260
What are the 'four establishments of mindfulness'?
The four establishments of mindfulness are: mindfulness of body, feelings, mind, and phenomena (dharmas) - fundamental meditation practices taught by Buddha.
261
According to the teachings, what is: What is 'beginner's mind' in Buddhist practice??
Beginner's mind maintains openness, humility, and eagerness to learn regardless of one's level of knowledge or experience, preventing pride and stagnation.
262
Summarize: What does 'three kayas' refer to in Buddha's embodiment?
The three kayas are dharmakaya (truth body), sambhogakaya (enjoyment body), and nirmanakaya (emanation body) - different aspects of Buddha's enlightened existence.
263
Explain: How did King Sivi demonstrate words of truth in the Sivi-Jātaka?
King gave both eyes to god Śakra disguised as blind brahmin. To illustrate purity of motivation, king spoke words of truth restoring one eye, then spoke again saying greater joy came from giving, restoring second eye.
264
Explain the term 'saṅghakarman' in context.
Saṅghakarman refers to a group decision made by consensus of a saṅgha, the basis for over a hundred rites and activities of the monastic community.
265
How should Asian teachers adapt to Western audiences?
Asian teachers should try to be aware of Westerners' specific problems to adapt teaching methods. Learning about Western culture and values helps avoid inappropriate teaching causing misunderstanding or disappointment.
266
According to the teachings, what is: What attitude ensures no problems arise for teachers??
If teacher is sincere and dedicated to helping others without concern for fame, problems will not arise. But if teacher has great status yet lacks corresponding spiritual realizations, danger of creating image to protect oneself.
267
How does the text explain: What did Venerable Udāyi observe about the Buddha's humility??
Marveling that despite the Buddha's power and influence, he didn't make a display of himself, unlike wanderers of other doctrines who would proclaim even one such quality with a banner.
268
According to the teachings, what is: How is Buddhadharma preserved on individual and societal levels??
As individuals through study and practice, and teachers-students engaging in Dharma discussions. On societal level, we need to work together in groups, with preservation depending on saṅgha practicing Vinaya.
269
Summarize: How should teachers approach their teaching role identity?
Until attaining full awakening, you're always Buddha's student. Occasionally you may temporarily perform teaching role, but it's not who you are. Don't construct identity around it.
270
What is meant by 'lamrim' in Tibetan Buddhism?
Lamrim refers to the graduated stages of the path to awakening, a systematic presentation of Buddhist practice.
271
How does the text explain: How do holy objects benefit beings even without understanding??
Just hearing Dharma words expressing goodness or seeing Dharma objects sets good latencies on sentient beings' minds, even if they lack ability to understand. These latencies will ripen in future Dharma connection.
272
What are 'sādhanas' in Buddhist practice?
Sādhanas are texts designed to assist in visualization and meditation, typically chanted to contemplate their meaning.
273
What fundamental challenge do Western Dharma teachers face?
Westerners do not have centuries-long lineages of Buddhist teachers in their own culture to look to as examples, so they must proceed slowly and carefully as pioneers.
274
Define 'retreat' in Buddhist practice.
Retreat involves intensive practice in isolation for specific periods, ranging from short meditation retreats to traditional three-year, three-month, three-day retreats.
275
Explain: What would benefit Asian Buddhist communities according to the text?
People in Asia and Asian communities in West would benefit greatly from more Dharma study as prelude to practice. Buddhists should conduct seminars so people have accurate information about religion of their family.
276
What are 'maṇḍala offerings' in Buddhist practice?
Maṇḍala offerings are visualized offerings of the entire universe to accumulate merit, often part of preliminary practices.
277
What is meant by: How did the Buddha show respect for Dharma before teaching Perfection of Wisdom??
Before Buddha taught Perfection of Wisdom sūtras, he himself arranged the seat on which he sat when giving these teachings, indicating respect for the path to liberation.
278
What does the Vinaya Sūtra say about priorities for Buddha statue ornaments?
If monastic is sick with no one to care and no money, selling ornaments from buddha statue to buy medicine is permissible. After recovery, money should be repaid. Shows Buddha's deep concern for practitioners.
279
Summarize: Define 'spiritual friendship' in Buddhist community.
Spiritual friendship involves mutually supportive relationships focused on Dharma practice, helping each other progress on the path through encouragement and example.
280
What is the proper motivation for lamas teaching abroad to raise monastery funds?
Teaching Dharma only with thought of raising money is not correct. Those needing funds should be straightforward - show architectural designs, estimated budget, phases of project. Don't make people feel obliged to give.
281
Define 'divine pride' in deity yoga.
Divine pride means strongly identifying oneself as the deity being visualized rather than maintaining ordinary self-identity, essential for tantric transformation.
282
Should Western practitioners skip preliminary practices?
Purpose of preliminaries is making mind more receptive so meditation brings realizations. If someone has done sufficient purification and can attain realizations without preliminaries, that's fine. Otherwise, highly recommended.
283
Define 'refuge' in the Three Jewels.
Taking refuge means relying on Buddha (guide), Dharma (path and goal), and Saṅgha (spiritual community) as sources of protection from suffering.
284
According to the teachings, what is: What is 'engaged Buddhism' in contemporary practice??
Engaged Buddhism applies Buddhist principles to social, political, and environmental issues, extending compassion and wisdom to societal problems.
285
How does the text explain: How should teachers handle charging for teachings when necessary??
Given reality, teachers may be forced to charge for teachings to cover expenses - rent, travel, food - but should clarify minimum is charged just for what's needed. Educate Westerners that giving freely is part of generosity practice.
286
What is the Dalai Lama's approach to offerings from Western teachings?
Either gives back to Dharma center or worthwhile projects. Doesn't need offerings - Indian government gives modest stipend sufficient for needs. Preference that teachings not be used for fundraising.
287
Summarize: What does 'worthy of offerings' mean for spiritual mentors?
Being worthy of offerings means having sufficient realization and ethical conduct to merit students' devotion and material support, using offerings for Dharma purposes.
288
How might money from Dharma materials sales be appropriately used?
Perhaps for charitable works or given to hospital or school, but best is to use it to print more Dharma materials. Motivation extremely important - using for spreading Dharma teachings while needing to live may be acceptable.
289
What is meant by: What fundamental challenge do Western Dharma teachers face??
Westerners do not have centuries-long lineages of Buddhist teachers in their own culture to look to as examples, so they must proceed slowly and carefully as pioneers.
290
What does 'worthy of offerings' mean for spiritual mentors?
Being worthy of offerings means having sufficient realization and ethical conduct to merit students' devotion and material support, using offerings for Dharma purposes.
291
What is the third area of caution regarding doubt about teachings?
Teacher may have deep doubt about some points and omit teachings or say Buddha didn't really mean that. Cannot dismiss parts of teachings we disagree with and still say we're explaining entire Buddhadharma path.
292
Define 'cultural appropriation' versus 'cultural appreciation' in Buddhism.
Cultural appropriation involves superficially adopting Buddhist symbols without understanding, while cultural appreciation involves respectful engagement with Buddhist principles and practices.
293
How should teachers adapt to different audience types?
First type: non-Buddhists curious about Tibet and Dalai Lama - emphasize secular ethics, compassion, forgiveness, harmony. Second type: keen interest but lack basic beliefs - more academic approach. Third type: some understanding of rebirth, karma, four truths.
294
Summarize: What problem can arise with wealthy students and teachers?
Sometimes sincere practitioners without much money are denied teachings or teacher access, while those with funds are honored and respected. When wealthy students wave sponsorship promises for special attention, ignore this behavior.
295
According to the teachings, what is: Explain the term 'saṅghakarman' in context.?
Saṅghakarman refers to a group decision made by consensus of a saṅgha, the basis for over a hundred rites and activities of the monastic community.
296
What advice applies to lay practitioners
especially those who teach?,"Buddha's instruction on modest needs and desires and inner contentment for monastics should apply equally to lay practitioners, especially if they teach Dharma. Crucial to ensure income isn't from wrong livelihood.
297
Summarize: Define 'impartiality' in the context of the four ways of sustaining relationships.
Impartiality means that whatever our level of practice and realizations, we should act equal to that. It also refers to treating others as we would like them to treat us, establishing closeness free from superiority or inferiority.
298
How should teachers respond to students' emotional attachments?
When student seeks guidance, teacher should respond and help. But if danger of student becoming emotionally attached or overly dependent, then for benefit of all parties, teacher should keep some distance.
299
How does the text explain: Define 'ānubhāva' from Pāli tradition.?
Ānubhāva refers to spiritual power that comes from the Buddha's practice and accomplishments, Dharma's true cessations and paths, and Saṅgha's marvelous qualities.
300
How should a Dharma teacher embody the fourth way of gathering disciples?
Act in ways congruent with what you teach - being a good example that inspires others to practice and increases their faith in the Three Jewels. Practice what you preach and live according to Buddha's teachings.
301
What should be a teacher's principal occupation?
Improving the state of your mind is your principal occupation, not becoming a famous teacher or building a big Buddhist organization with yourself at the head. Until full awakening, you remain Buddha's disciple.
302
According to the teachings, what is: Explain 'right concentration' in the eightfold path.?
Right concentration refers to the four dhyānas or absorption states developed through sustained meditation practice, providing foundation for wisdom.
303
Define 'spiritual materialism' in Buddhist context.
Spiritual materialism involves using spiritual practice to enhance ego rather than diminish it, seeking status, power, or identity through spiritual accomplishments.
304
What did Dharmakīrti say about teaching without experience?
How can you explain something to others that is just words to yourself? Speaking from experience and deep understanding makes words meaningful to others.
305
What initial approach is suggested for teaching Buddhism to Asian communities?
Initially, informative approach giving general explanation to raise interest. Explain Buddhist beliefs academically, describe Buddhism in various countries, have comparative religion courses, speak of relationship to science.
306
What does Ou-i say about hearing Amitābha's name?
No matter your station, all you have to do is hear Buddha's name and good roots accumulated over many eons immediately ripen, and all forms of negativity and perversity are transformed into virtues.
307
According to the teachings, what is: Define 'once-returner' in Buddhist realization levels.?
Once-returner is the second level of liberation where gross attachment and aversion are weakened, requiring at most one more human rebirth to reach liberation.
308
How should Buddhist ceremonies for life events be created?
If Westerners want Buddhist ceremonies for births, rites of passage, marriage, and funerals, meetings can be held to create them. Simple ceremonies for Buddhists of all traditions would be good.
309
How is Buddhadharma preserved on individual and societal levels?
As individuals through study and practice, and teachers-students engaging in Dharma discussions. On societal level, we need to work together in groups, with preservation depending on saṅgha practicing Vinaya.
310
What is needed for standardizing translation terms?
To standardize translation terms, scholars and practitioners could meet and gradually come to consensus. Asian scholars cannot decide this. Much thought required to select appropriate terms by those knowledgeable in language and meaning.
311
Explain: How do the eight worldly concerns affect teachers?
Example of wanting credit for excellent explanation when seeing same method in Tsukang Lama's book - thinking 'I want all credit. If people read his book, they'll think I copied and my reputation as originator will be lost!'
312
What should teachers do about knowledge gaps?
Ask your teachers to explain unclear points, discuss them with Dharma friends, and research them in scriptures. Seek help and guidance, don't think that having the name 'teacher' means you should know everything.
313
Summarize: What determines how extensive a teaching should be?
Simplicity keeps students focused on important points and prevents feeling lost. But if too concise, students may lose sight of wider picture and be unable to understand points in proper context.
314
Summarize: What is the key to investigating and finding answers?
If you know the structure of Buddhadharma through deep understanding of four truths, you'll be able to investigate and find answers. Encourage students to discuss and debate teachings to think for themselves.
315
Explain: What determines the power of words of truth?
Power depends on sincerity, compassion, and truth of person who utters them. As we continue practicing - living ethically, being generous, generating loving-kindness, studying teachings - power of declaring words of truth increases.
316
According to the teachings, what is: What does the Vinaya Sūtra say about priorities for Buddha statue ornaments??
If monastic is sick with no one to care and no money, selling ornaments from buddha statue to buy medicine is permissible. After recovery, money should be repaid. Shows Buddha's deep concern for practitioners.
317
How do the six perfections differ from the four ways of gathering disciples in their perspective?
The six perfections are taught from the viewpoint of how to attain awakening ourselves, whereas the four ways of gathering disciples are given from the perspective of how to lead others on the path to awakening.
318
What is meant by: What words of truth did Buddha speak in Smaller Amitābha Sūtra??
Buddha declared that good men and women of pure faith who hear Amitāyus Buddha's name and learn of Pure Land should receive teaching with faith, arouse aspiration, practice as prescribed, and attain birth in that buddha land.
319
How does the text explain: What does 'dedication of merit' involve??
Dedication of merit involves consciously directing the positive karma from virtuous actions toward specific goals, typically the welfare of all beings and one's own awakening.
320
Explain the 'two truths' doctrine.
The two truths are conventional truth (everyday appearances and functions) and ultimate truth (the empty nature of phenomena), both valid ways of understanding reality.
321
Explain 'ārya' in Buddhist terminology.
Ārya refers to 'noble ones' - those who have directly realized emptiness and are on the path of seeing or beyond, including stream-enterers through arhats and bodhisattvas.
322
What does 'samādhi' refer to in meditation context?
Samādhi refers to concentrated meditation states, ranging from basic calm abiding to deep absorption states.
323
Explain: What approach should people take when accepting Buddhism?
People accepting Buddhism should take the essence and adapt it to their own culture. Adopting Asian culture or customs isn't necessary for practicing Buddhism - even wearing Tibetan clothes doesn't make you Tibetan!
324
According to the teachings, what is: What does 'right action' encompass in Buddhist practice??
Right action involves ethical physical conduct, specifically avoiding killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct while engaging in beneficial activities.
325
What is considered the best among gifts in the Pāli tradition?
Among gifts, the best is the gift of the Dhamma, as it alone leads others out of duḥkha and to joy.
326
What characterizes pure teaching motivation?
Genuine respect for the Dharma, recognizing good fortune to share it, wishing others to learn, understand, practice and realize the Dharma, teaching with compassion and sincere concern for freedom from cyclic existence.
327
What approach should people take when accepting Buddhism?
People accepting Buddhism should take the essence and adapt it to their own culture. Adopting Asian culture or customs isn't necessary for practicing Buddhism - even wearing Tibetan clothes doesn't make you Tibetan!
328
Explain: How is 'saṅgahavatthu' translated from Pāli?
The Pāli term means 'ways of sustaining favorable relationships' (note the difference in translation from the same concept).
329
What is the traditional approach to Dharma teaching payment?
Traditionally, Dharma teachings are freely offered, and students, knowing teachers need food, shelter, clothing, medicine, travel expenses, offer support according to ability. This custom not well-known in West.
330
What does 'empowerment' (abhiṣeka) involve in tantra?
Empowerment is a ritual initiation that plants seeds for tantric realization, authorizes practice of specific deities, and establishes connection with tantric lineage.
331
According to the teachings, what is: Define 'spiritual materialism' in Buddhist context.?
Spiritual materialism involves using spiritual practice to enhance ego rather than diminish it, seeking status, power, or identity through spiritual accomplishments.
332
What is 'analytical meditation' versus 'stabilizing meditation'?
Analytical meditation uses reasoning to investigate and understand teachings, while stabilizing meditation focuses single-pointedly to develop concentration and integrate realizations.
333
According to the teachings, what is: Explain 'root downfall' for monastics.?
Root downfalls are the most serious violations of monastic vows that result in loss of ordination, including lying about spiritual attainments.
334
How does the text explain: What is formal recollection of the Buddha and its benefits??
Reflecting on Buddha's qualities one by one. Much deeper and more impactful than reciting sūtras quickly. Done meditatively, it can lead to samādhi and generates faith, inspiring us to generate holy beings' qualities like compassion.
335
How should teachers handle praise and criticism?
If sincere, what others say doesn't matter. Some may call you a living Buddha, others almost like a devil. Remember you're a simple Buddhist monk. Truth gradually becomes clear if you're honest.
336
Define 'once-returner' in Buddhist realization levels.
Once-returner is the second level of liberation where gross attachment and aversion are weakened, requiring at most one more human rebirth to reach liberation.
337
How should teachers approach their motivation when teaching?
Be aware of the audience's buddha nature and feel honored to share the Dharma. Embody the Dharma when teaching - you're not just relaying information. Always cultivate compassion, care, and concern for students.
338
What is meant by: Why is sincerity important in teaching the Dharma??
The Buddha's example of fasting for six years illustrates inner strength and determination. Using Buddha's name and teachings for personal gain without taking them seriously is sad and dishonest.
339
According to the teachings, what is: How can Buddhism coexist with Confucian values in Asia??
Confucius instructed respect for elders and parents. Buddha gave similar advice to ordinary people and encouraged monastics to respect those senior in ordination. Respecting those more experienced and wiser is good advice.
340
How does the text explain: How should teachers adapt to different audience types??
First type: non-Buddhists curious about Tibet and Dalai Lama - emphasize secular ethics, compassion, forgiveness, harmony. Second type: keen interest but lack basic beliefs - more academic approach. Third type: some understanding of rebirth, karma, four truths.
341
Why must Dharma teachers cultivate deep patience?
Students are under influence of afflictions and karma - they make mistakes, don't always practice instructions, may act out emotional needs. Be patient when they don't meet expectations, don't give up.
342
Explain: How did some attendants circumvent the equal throne height rule?
Clever attendants managed to slip slate under cushion of their teacher's throne. When all others' cushions compressed from being sat on, lama sitting on seat with slate appeared higher than others.
343
Summarize: What did Venerable Udāyi observe about the Buddha's humility?
Marveling that despite the Buddha's power and influence, he didn't make a display of himself, unlike wanderers of other doctrines who would proclaim even one such quality with a banner.
344
Explain: What does 'parinirvāṇa' specifically refer to?
Parinirvāṇa refers to the Buddha's final passing away, his complete liberation from the cycle of rebirth at death.
345
What is meant by: Why should Vajrayāna be introduced carefully??
Many people exposed to Vajrayāna too soon. Some put off by lack of proper Buddhist worldview foundation. Others started visualizing deities without understanding purpose or correct method. Buddha began with four establishments of mindfulness.
346
What does 'compassion' specifically mean in Buddhism?
Compassion is the wish for all beings to be free from suffering and its causes, motivating bodhisattvas to work for others' liberation.
347
How does the text explain: What does 'samādhi' refer to in meditation context??
Samādhi refers to concentrated meditation states, ranging from basic calm abiding to deep absorption states.
348
How should teachers respond to growing popularity?
As teachers become more well-known and popular, they should become more humble. Becoming arrogant, demanding, or controlling indicates neglected Dharma practice.
349
According to the teachings, what is: Define 'loving-kindness' in Buddhist meditation.?
Loving-kindness is the wish for all beings to have happiness and its causes, the foundation for developing universal compassion.
350
How does the text explain: Give an example of words of truth from the Aṅgulimāla Sutta.?
Former murderer Aṅgulimāla, seeing woman with deformed child, declared: 'Since I was born with noble birth [becoming ārya], I don't recall intentionally depriving living being of life. By this truth, may you be well and may your infant be well!'
351
Explain: How should affectionate speech be practiced according to Chinese Buddhism?
Speaking politely, consoling others, giving wise advice without forcing ideas, respecting and listening carefully, praising and encouraging others, and always thinking about how to influence others toward virtue.
352
How should donors prioritize their offerings?
Offering money to support health and education of monastics brings results equally as good as funding statues or decorations. Encourage offerings to monasteries where genuine studies take place, not to those who don't study or meditate.
353
Should Westerners use Asian names or religious titles?
Westerners don't need to use Asian names or religious titles like 'lama.' Much confusion can arise from not understanding meaning, and no uniform way of acquiring Tibetan titles exists.
354
Explain: What words of truth did Buddha speak in Smaller Amitābha Sūtra?
Buddha declared that good men and women of pure faith who hear Amitāyus Buddha's name and learn of Pure Land should receive teaching with faith, arouse aspiration, practice as prescribed, and attain birth in that buddha land.
355
What is 'beginner's mind' in Buddhist practice?
Beginner's mind maintains openness, humility, and eagerness to learn regardless of one's level of knowledge or experience, preventing pride and stagnation.
356
How can Dharma centers serve various people in society?
Those interested in Buddhist science and philosophy, those seeking method to calm mind, and those aspiring for liberation and awakening. Present Buddha and great masters as astute philosophers.
357
Define 'clear light' in highest yoga tantra.
Clear light refers to the subtlest level of consciousness, naturally present but usually only experienced at death, which advanced practitioners access during life.
358
What is meant by: How should teachers approach those with keen interest but lacking basic Buddhist concepts??
More academic approach explaining two truths, four truths, rebirth and karma, structure of path. Talk about dependent arising. Let them reflect - time needed to think and gain certainty.
359
What is meant by: Define 'clear light' in highest yoga tantra.?
Clear light refers to the subtlest level of consciousness, naturally present but usually only experienced at death, which advanced practitioners access during life.
360
How does the text explain: What complex issue arises for lay teachers with families??
Supporting oneself by teaching Dharma becomes complex for lay teachers needing to provide for family. Are students responsible for supporting teacher's family? How much is enough, especially in Western culture?
361
Why should Buddhists never use material generosity as a conversion tool?
If sentient beings have needs and we can fulfill them, we should do that without any expectation that they become Buddhist. However, if they are then attracted and wish to learn, we should teach them the Dharma.
362
Explain: What does 'empowerment' (abhiṣeka) involve in tantra?
Empowerment is a ritual initiation that plants seeds for tantric realization, authorizes practice of specific deities, and establishes connection with tantric lineage.
363
Explain: How will Buddhism adapt in the West differently than in Tibet?
Since many Western cultures exist, uniform 'Western Buddhism' won't exist. Even within one country, many different Buddhist traditions will emerge. Adaptation needs joint effort of qualified Asian teachers and sincere Western practitioners.
364
Explain: What are the 'four establishments of mindfulness'?
The four establishments of mindfulness are: mindfulness of body, feelings, mind, and phenomena (dharmas) - fundamental meditation practices taught by Buddha.
365
Summarize: What is required before giving tantric empowerments?
Check with tantric spiritual mentor. Make sure you've received that empowerment and completed requisite retreat and fire pūjā. Giving empowerment and guiding tantric students are big responsibilities.
366
According to the teachings, what is: What determines how extensive a teaching should be??
Simplicity keeps students focused on important points and prevents feeling lost. But if too concise, students may lose sight of wider picture and be unable to understand points in proper context.
367
What is meant by: What is the third area of caution regarding doubt about teachings??
Teacher may have deep doubt about some points and omit teachings or say Buddha didn't really mean that. Cannot dismiss parts of teachings we disagree with and still say we're explaining entire Buddhadharma path.
368
How does the text explain: How should teachers approach their motivation when teaching??
Be aware of the audience's buddha nature and feel honored to share the Dharma. Embody the Dharma when teaching - you're not just relaying information. Always cultivate compassion, care, and concern for students.
369
Why is the Dharma considered our real refuge?
Dharma is object of our highest respect. Śākyamuni Buddha is product of Dharma Jewel - true paths and true cessations. Since we venerate his resultant awakening, we should also esteem its causes, the Dharma teachings.
370
What are words of truth (satyavacana) and how do they function?
With virtuous state of mind, we declare words of truth - strong determination for happiness, well-being, safety of self and others. Mind becomes channel for Three Jewels' blessing power or transformed into virtue expressing compassionate wishes.
371
Explain: Should Western practitioners skip preliminary practices?
Purpose of preliminaries is making mind more receptive so meditation brings realizations. If someone has done sufficient purification and can attain realizations without preliminaries, that's fine. Otherwise, highly recommended.
372
What did Venerable Udāyi observe about the Buddha's humility?
Marveling that despite the Buddha's power and influence, he didn't make a display of himself, unlike wanderers of other doctrines who would proclaim even one such quality with a banner.
373
What is the situation of Buddhism in many Asian countries today?
In many Buddhist countries, people don't seriously study Dharma; for them Buddhism is just part of tradition and culture. They engage in ancestor worship, folk religions, pray to Buddha and worldly gods without distinguishing.
374
How do the eight worldly concerns affect teachers?
Example of wanting credit for excellent explanation when seeing same method in Tsukang Lama's book - thinking 'I want all credit. If people read his book, they'll think I copied and my reputation as originator will be lost!'
375
Summarize: What caution is given about changing Dharma explanations?
Be careful not to change explanation of the path so it corresponds to what you like or feels comfortable. Although teaching according to dispositions, it's harmful to leave out aspects because you're concerned students won't find them pleasing.
376
List the twenty benefits of teaching the Dharma mentioned in the scriptures.
The text mentions there are twenty benefits but specifically notes that when we teach with pure heart and good motivation, as students' understanding increases, a corresponding increase in our own understanding occurs as well.
377
Summarize: What does 'stream-entry' represent in Buddhist attainment?
Stream-entry is the first level of liberation where one directly realizes emptiness and becomes an ārya, guaranteed to reach full liberation within seven lifetimes.
378
Explain: Explain 'root downfall' for monastics.
Root downfalls are the most serious violations of monastic vows that result in loss of ordination, including lying about spiritual attainments.
379
Explain 'sympathetic joy' in Buddhist practice.
Sympathetic joy is rejoicing in others' happiness and good fortune without jealousy, countering envy and competitiveness.
380
What is meant by: Define 'purification' in Buddhist practice.?
Purification involves cleansing negative karma through practices like confession, regret, restoration, and resolve not to repeat harmful actions.
381
What was the 'high-throne syndrome' in Tibet?
Some lamas succumbed to competing to see who had highest throne and was thus highest lama. Fifth Dalai Lama stipulated thrones of lamas in audience should all be exactly same height.
382
What does the Commentary to Aṅguttara Nikāya say about adapting the four ways?
Some people are sustained by gifts, others expect endearing speech, some need beneficent conduct (guidance on what to do), and impartiality means being the same in happiness and suffering - sitting, living, and eating together.
383
What does 'right action' encompass in Buddhist practice?
Right action involves ethical physical conduct, specifically avoiding killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct while engaging in beneficial activities.
384
What is meant by: How should Buddhist ceremonies for life events be created??
If Westerners want Buddhist ceremonies for births, rites of passage, marriage, and funerals, meetings can be held to create them. Simple ceremonies for Buddhists of all traditions would be good.
385
How should teachers handle charging for teachings when necessary?
Given reality, teachers may be forced to charge for teachings to cover expenses - rent, travel, food - but should clarify minimum is charged just for what's needed. Educate Westerners that giving freely is part of generosity practice.
386
Define 'emptiness' (śūnyatā) in Buddhist philosophy.
Emptiness refers to the lack of inherent or independent existence in all phenomena - things exist but not in the way they appear to exist.
387
According to the teachings, what is: List the twenty benefits of teaching the Dharma mentioned in the scriptures.?
The text mentions there are twenty benefits but specifically notes that when we teach with pure heart and good motivation, as students' understanding increases, a corresponding increase in our own understanding occurs as well.
388
What is meant by: Explain the 'two truths' doctrine.?
The two truths are conventional truth (everyday appearances and functions) and ultimate truth (the empty nature of phenomena), both valid ways of understanding reality.
389
According to the teachings, what is: What is 'beginner's mind' in Buddhist practice??
Beginner's mind maintains openness, humility, and eagerness to learn regardless of one's level of knowledge or experience, preventing pride and stagnation.
390
What is 'Buddha-anusmṛti' and its Chinese equivalent?
Buddha-anusmṛti (Sanskrit) and nien-fo (Chinese) refer to recollection of the Buddha, a meditative practice reflecting on Buddha's qualities.
391
Summarize: Define 'guru yoga' practice.
Guru yoga is a tantric practice of viewing one's spiritual mentor as inseparable from Buddha, used to receive blessings and develop realization.
392
Explain 'integration' of Dharma practice.
Integration involves applying Buddhist principles and insights throughout daily life rather than confining practice to formal meditation periods.
393
Summarize: Define 'Sukhāvatī' pure land.
Sukhāvatī, the Land of Great Bliss, is Amitābha Buddha's pure land where practitioners aspire to be reborn to continue their path to awakening.
394
What is the fourth area of caution about emotional dependency?
Teacher may become emotionally dependent on students. Be conscientious about how you present yourself. Don't expect students to take care of you emotionally or fulfill personal needs for validation, appreciation, or love.
395
What guidelines apply to lay teachers regarding sexuality?
Layperson's precepts don't prohibit sexual relations, so more danger of misusing sexuality. Best for lay teachers to be married upāsikās or upāsakas living according to five precepts, abandoning unwise sexual behavior.
396
What is meant by: How should teachers handle their own limitations in knowledge??
When you don't know the answer to a student's question, clearly say so. Evading, humiliating the questioner, or making up answers to avoid losing face damages both teacher and student.
397
Explain: How should teachers respond to growing popularity?
As teachers become more well-known and popular, they should become more humble. Becoming arrogant, demanding, or controlling indicates neglected Dharma practice.
398
According to the teachings, what is: What preference is expressed regarding monastery and center decoration??
Prefer richness of Dharma be in our heart, not outside in environment. Encourage simplicity in décor of monasteries, Dharma centers, and retreat centers, following Milarepa's example of empty cave practice.
399
Explain: What teaching method did the Buddha employ with disciples?
Buddha didn't simply lecture while disciples listened passively. Questions and answers are good for both teacher and students. Ask questions, encourage broadmindedness and creativity in exploring topics.
400
According to the teachings, what is: How should teachers respond to growing popularity??
As teachers become more well-known and popular, they should become more humble. Becoming arrogant, demanding, or controlling indicates neglected Dharma practice.
401
Summarize: Explain 'root downfall' for monastics.
Root downfalls are the most serious violations of monastic vows that result in loss of ordination, including lying about spiritual attainments.
402
According to the teachings, what is: What is the third area of caution regarding doubt about teachings??
Teacher may have deep doubt about some points and omit teachings or say Buddha didn't really mean that. Cannot dismiss parts of teachings we disagree with and still say we're explaining entire Buddhadharma path.
403
Explain 'interdependence' in Buddhist philosophy.
Interdependence shows that all phenomena arise in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions, challenging notions of independence and inherent existence.
404
What is meant by: What did Venerable Udāyi observe about the Buddha's humility??
Marveling that despite the Buddha's power and influence, he didn't make a display of himself, unlike wanderers of other doctrines who would proclaim even one such quality with a banner.
405
What is better regarding Buddhist teachers and center finances?
Better if resident Buddhist teachers not involved with finances of center. They must concentrate on teaching while members manage center's finances. Neither should be influenced by benefactors making large donations.
406
Summarize: Should Westerners use Asian names or religious titles?
Westerners don't need to use Asian names or religious titles like 'lama.' Much confusion can arise from not understanding meaning, and no uniform way of acquiring Tibetan titles exists.
407
What does teaching the Dharma 'according to capacity' mean in practice?
It involves various ways of speaking and different topics depending on the situation - consoling those who are grieving, giving relevant advice for difficult circumstances, and teaching Dharma methods appropriate to their specific problems.
408
How does the text explain: Explain 'ārya' in Buddhist terminology.?
Ārya refers to 'noble ones' - those who have directly realized emptiness and are on the path of seeing or beyond, including stream-enterers through arhats and bodhisattvas.
409
Define 'lojong' practices.
Lojong refers to mind training practices focused on attitude transformation and cultivating bodhicitta.
410
Summarize: Explain 'bodhicitta' in its two aspects.
Bodhicitta is the awakening mind with two aspects: aspiring bodhicitta (wish to attain buddhahood for all beings) and engaging bodhicitta (actually practicing the bodhisattva path).
411
How does the text explain: How should teachers approach their teaching role identity??
Until attaining full awakening, you're always Buddha's student. Occasionally you may temporarily perform teaching role, but it's not who you are. Don't construct identity around it.
412
Summarize: What should be taught according to students' levels in the West?
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
413
Summarize: What is the second area of caution in Buddhist teaching?
Temptation to dilute Buddha's teachings to make them acceptable to larger number of people. Harmful to leave out Dharma aspects because concerned students won't find them pleasing and stop attending center.
414
What are the ten qualities of a Mahāyāna spiritual mentor that teachers should develop?
The text references these qualities from Chapter 4 of The Foundation of Buddhist Practice: ethical conduct, meditative experience, understanding of emptiness, knowledge of scriptures, and care for students' well-being.
415
What is meant by 'single-pointed concentration'?
This refers to śamatha or calm abiding meditation where the mind can remain focused on its object without distraction for extended periods.
416
Define 'duḥkha' in Buddhist context.
Duḥkha refers to suffering, unsatisfactoriness, or stress - the first of the four noble truths encompassing all forms of dissatisfaction in existence.
417
What is the purpose of offering ceremonies in Mahāyāna countries?
People request monastics to conduct offering ceremonies to create merit dedicated for specific purposes plus full awakening of all beings. Medicine Buddha pūjā for illness, Green Tārā pūjā for obstacles, Amitābha recitation for deceased.
418
Summarize: What would benefit Asian Buddhist communities according to the text?
People in Asia and Asian communities in West would benefit greatly from more Dharma study as prelude to practice. Buddhists should conduct seminars so people have accurate information about religion of their family.
419
What are some ways to benefit sentient beings beyond teaching?
Chanting protective scriptures and mantras, performing offering ceremonies, reciting words of truth, enabling sentient beings to contact holy objects, and recollecting the Buddha.
420
Summarize: What does the Commentary to Aṅguttara Nikāya say about adapting the four ways?
Some people are sustained by gifts, others expect endearing speech, some need beneficent conduct (guidance on what to do), and impartiality means being the same in happiness and suffering - sitting, living, and eating together.
421
What are the six recollections mentioned in both Pāli and Sanskrit traditions?
Recollections of the Buddha, Dharma, Saṅgha, ethical conduct, generosity, and deities. In Sanskrit tradition, recollection of Amitābha or Akṣobhya Buddha generates faith and increases aspiration for pure land birth.
422
How should teachers include themselves in advice?
Avoid giving prescriptions as if advice didn't pertain to you. Include yourself - saying 'When we get angry...' reminds students you're sincere and honest and expect the same from them.
423
Give examples of well-known protective suttas.
Jewel Sutta (Ratana Sutta) expresses Three Jewels' qualities, Sutta of Great Blessings (Mahāmaṅgala Sutta) teaches living a good life, Sutta on Loving-Kindness (Mettā Sutta) focuses on developing caring attitude toward others.
424
How does the text explain: Explain 'integration' of Dharma practice.?
Integration involves applying Buddhist principles and insights throughout daily life rather than confining practice to formal meditation periods.
425
What is meant by: What does the Vinaya Sūtra say about priorities for Buddha statue ornaments??
If monastic is sick with no one to care and no money, selling ornaments from buddha statue to buy medicine is permissible. After recovery, money should be repaid. Shows Buddha's deep concern for practitioners.
426
Explain 'bodhicitta' in its two aspects.
Bodhicitta is the awakening mind with two aspects: aspiring bodhicitta (wish to attain buddhahood for all beings) and engaging bodhicitta (actually practicing the bodhisattva path).
427
Summarize: Define 'divine pride' in deity yoga.
Divine pride means strongly identifying oneself as the deity being visualized rather than maintaining ordinary self-identity, essential for tantric transformation.
428
Explain 'Kangyur' and 'Tengyur' in Tibetan Buddhism.
Kangyur contains the Buddha's teachings translated into Tibetan, while Tengyur contains the major Indian commentaries and treatises.
429
Explain 'arhat' as the fourth level of liberation.
Arhat represents complete liberation from cyclic existence through elimination of all afflictions, but lacking the full knowledge and compassion of buddhas.
430
According to the teachings, what is: What is the difference between intellectual understanding and realization??
Intellectual understanding is comparatively easy to gain, while realization and experience are more difficult to cultivate and require years of continuous practice. Don't confuse blissful experiences with becoming a great sage.
431
How did the Buddha show respect for Dharma before teaching Perfection of Wisdom?
Before Buddha taught Perfection of Wisdom sūtras, he himself arranged the seat on which he sat when giving these teachings, indicating respect for the path to liberation.
432
How should teachers maintain proper perspective on their role?
Maintain good relationship with your teachers, practice as they instruct. For humility and not being spoiled by praise or fame, bow to Three Jewels and lineage teachers, reflect on impermanence before sitting on Dharma seat.
433
What is the Buddhist reasoning for helping elders compared to secular thinking?
Some young people think elderly managed when young and can manage alone now - old plants will go, that's nature. But Dharma shows elderly want happiness not suffering like everyone. Helping them brings merit and creates causes for future happiness.
434
What does 'dedication of merit' involve?
Dedication of merit involves consciously directing the positive karma from virtuous actions toward specific goals, typically the welfare of all beings and one's own awakening.
435
What should teachers avoid claiming publicly?
Don't publicly say you have insight into emptiness or generated bodhicitta. Don't state attainment of single-pointed concentration or tantric realizations. For monastics, lying about realizations is a root downfall.
436
Explain: What is the Sanskrit term for the four ways of gathering disciples?
Saṃgrahavastu (Sanskrit) or saṅgahavatthu (Pāli), meaning the four ways of gathering or assembling disciples.
437
According to the teachings, what is: What is a 'non-returner' in Buddhist accomplishment??
Non-returner is the third level of liberation where attachment to the desire realm is eliminated, taking rebirth only in higher realms before reaching liberation.
438
What is the third way of gathering disciples and why does it require patience?
Encouraging others to practice the Dharma they have learned requires great patience and diligence. Sometimes people appreciate help, other times they may turn away despite long guidance, requiring patient acceptance of all responses.
439
What is meant by 'spiritual friend' versus 'guru'?
Spiritual friend (kalyāṇamitra) is someone who helps on the path through advice and example, while guru implies deeper commitment in tantric context with formal relationship.
440
According to the teachings, what is: What should be taught according to students' levels in the West??
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
441
Explain: What should be a teacher's principal occupation?
Improving the state of your mind is your principal occupation, not becoming a famous teacher or building a big Buddhist organization with yourself at the head. Until full awakening, you remain Buddha's disciple.
442
What is meant by: What idealistic thinking about Buddhism should be avoided??
Sometimes we think if Buddha were alive now, all seven billion people would become Buddhists. But even during Buddha's time, entire population didn't follow Buddhadharma. If someone finds Buddhism illogical, convincing them is foolish.
443
How does the text explain: How should a Dharma teacher embody the fourth way of gathering disciples??
Act in ways congruent with what you teach - being a good example that inspires others to practice and increases their faith in the Three Jewels. Practice what you preach and live according to Buddha's teachings.
444
Explain: What does 'three kayas' refer to in Buddha's embodiment?
The three kayas are dharmakaya (truth body), sambhogakaya (enjoyment body), and nirmanakaya (emanation body) - different aspects of Buddha's enlightened existence.
445
What is meant by 'cyclic existence' or 'saṃsāra'?
Saṃsāra refers to the cycle of death and rebirth driven by karma and afflictions, characterized by suffering and lack of ultimate satisfaction.
446
How should teachers approach the volume of student questions?
Don't expect to answer everyone's questions. Hundred students produce hundred questions and problems. Even Buddha in eighty years couldn't answer all disciples' queries. All sūtras and treatises can't quench all queries.
447
Why must teachers not be satisfied with limited knowledge?
Do not be satisfied with knowing only one meditation technique, scripture, or tantric practice. For others' benefit, strive to overcome limitations and expand knowledge to be skilled in all vehicles.
448
What consideration is needed for monastic involvement in marriage ceremonies?
If Buddhist marriage ceremony involves fully ordained monastics, care must be taken not to cause infraction of precept prohibiting monks and nuns from matchmaking. More appropriate if lay Buddhist performed actual ceremony.
449
Explain: Define 'purification' in Buddhist practice.
Purification involves cleansing negative karma through practices like confession, regret, restoration, and resolve not to repeat harmful actions.
450
How do protective discourses work to bless the mind?
Reciting verses connects minds to Three Jewels' qualities, drawing spiritual power into our mind from Buddha's practice, Dharma, and Saṅgha's marvelous qualities. By calling these to mind, devotion, confidence, and trust arise.
451
What should be the progression of devotion and study for Western students?
Western students shouldn't be encouraged to have devotion from beginning. Instead, learn, investigate, reflect. Through examination, they'll see validity and generate faith based on knowledge, not blind belief.
452
According to the teachings, what is: What is 'mantra' and how does it function??
Mantra consists of sacred syllables that embody the speech of enlightened beings, recited to purify speech and invoke the qualities of specific deities.
453
How does the text explain: What should be taught according to students' levels in the West??
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
454
What qualities do NOT make a good Dharma teacher?
Social status, wealth, or charisma are not qualities that make a good Dharma teacher. Rather, it's the ability to show what to practice and abandon, which the teacher must practice themselves.
455
How should teachers balance humility with encouragement?
While Tibetan custom is humble about knowledge, this can discourage students who think teachings are just stories. If you have knowledge or experience from practice, tell others you gained this through continuous practice.
456
Explain: What initial approach is suggested for teaching Buddhism to Asian communities?
Initially, informative approach giving general explanation to raise interest. Explain Buddhist beliefs academically, describe Buddhism in various countries, have comparative religion courses, speak of relationship to science.
457
Define the 'eight worldly concerns' or 'eight worldly dharmas'.
The eight worldly concerns are: gain and loss, pleasure and pain, praise and blame, fame and disgrace - concerns that distract from spiritual practice.
458
Define 'Sukhāvatī' pure land.
Sukhāvatī, the Land of Great Bliss, is Amitābha Buddha's pure land where practitioners aspire to be reborn to continue their path to awakening.
459
What problem can arise with wealthy students and teachers?
Sometimes sincere practitioners without much money are denied teachings or teacher access, while those with funds are honored and respected. When wealthy students wave sponsorship promises for special attention, ignore this behavior.
460
How does the text explain: What did Venerable Udāyi observe about the Buddha's humility??
Marveling that despite the Buddha's power and influence, he didn't make a display of himself, unlike wanderers of other doctrines who would proclaim even one such quality with a banner.
461
What does 'parinirvāṇa' specifically refer to?
Parinirvāṇa refers to the Buddha's final passing away, his complete liberation from the cycle of rebirth at death.
462
What is a 'non-returner' in Buddhist accomplishment?
Non-returner is the third level of liberation where attachment to the desire realm is eliminated, taking rebirth only in higher realms before reaching liberation.
463
Explain 'Vajrasattva mantra' practice.
Vajrasattva mantra recitation is a purification practice, often involving 100,000 repetitions as part of preliminary practices to cleanse negative karma.
464
What is meant by: What is the traditional approach to Dharma teaching payment??
Traditionally, Dharma teachings are freely offered, and students, knowing teachers need food, shelter, clothing, medicine, travel expenses, offer support according to ability. This custom not well-known in West.
465
What is meant by: Explain 'merit' in Buddhist understanding.?
Merit (puṇya) refers to positive karmic energy accumulated through virtuous actions that leads to happiness and favorable conditions for practice.
466
Define 'purification' in Buddhist practice.
Purification involves cleansing negative karma through practices like confession, regret, restoration, and resolve not to repeat harmful actions.
467
What should be taught according to students' levels in the West?
Although emptiness is essence of Dharma, it shouldn't be taught to everyone. People need firm foundation in conventional truths - karma and effects, nature of saṃsāra - so they don't misunderstand emptiness teachings.
468
Explain: How should donors prioritize their offerings?
Offering money to support health and education of monastics brings results equally as good as funding statues or decorations. Encourage offerings to monasteries where genuine studies take place, not to those who don't study or meditate.
469
Summarize: How can Westerners invigorate traditional debate practices?
Practitioners could debate Buddhist versus scientific views of mind's nature, Buddhist and Judeo-Christian views of creation and causality, and soul versus selflessness. This would be valuable for Buddhists, scientists, and other faith followers.
470
Summarize: How should teachers balance teaching responsibilities with personal practice?
Practitioners need to balance teaching others with own practice. When teaching, daily meditation shortened but Dharma becomes more effective because thinking deeply. Students' questions require reflecting on Dharma meaning to answer properly.
471
According to the teachings, what is: What is essential versus non-essential in Buddhist traditions??
Essential to preserve is that which directly leads to liberation and awakening and is useful in daily life. Cultural aspects arising from society change with time and need not be maintained.
472
What are 'precepts' in Buddhist practice?
Precepts are ethical guidelines voluntarily undertaken by practitioners - five for laypeople, more extensive sets for monks and nuns.
473
Explain 'view
meditation, and conduct' in Buddhism.,"View is the correct understanding of reality, meditation is the practice that familiarizes the mind with this view, and conduct is living in accordance with these realizations.
474
What is the fifth area of caution regarding sexual attraction?
Teacher and student may be sexually attracted. Due to afflictions and karma, we have bodies tending toward attachment and anger. Even if controlling sexual desire, subtle attachment persists. Much depends on practice.
475
Explain: What is considered the best among gifts in the Pāli tradition?
Among gifts, the best is the gift of the Dhamma, as it alone leads others out of duḥkha and to joy.
476
Define 'cooperating with others and adapting ourselves' in the Chinese tradition.
Providing a good example of ethical living and kindness - working in offices without compromising values, being friendly at parties without drinking or taking drugs, living according to precepts naturally without drawing attention.
477
Explain: What characterizes pure teaching motivation?
Genuine respect for the Dharma, recognizing good fortune to share it, wishing others to learn, understand, practice and realize the Dharma, teaching with compassion and sincere concern for freedom from cyclic existence.
478
What complex issue arises for lay teachers with families?
Supporting oneself by teaching Dharma becomes complex for lay teachers needing to provide for family. Are students responsible for supporting teacher's family? How much is enough, especially in Western culture?
479
What is 'completion stage' practice in tantra?
Completion stage involves working with subtle energies, winds, and consciousness rather than external visualizations, leading to illusory body and clear light realizations.
480
What is meant by: Define the four ways of gathering disciples in Tibetan Buddhism.?
The four ways are: (1) being generous and giving material aid, (2) teaching the Dharma according to the capacity of disciples, (3) encouraging them to practice, and (4) acting congruently and living the teachings through example.
481
Summarize: How do holy objects benefit beings even without understanding?
Just hearing Dharma words expressing goodness or seeing Dharma objects sets good latencies on sentient beings' minds, even if they lack ability to understand. These latencies will ripen in future Dharma connection.
482
How does the text explain: What is the Wylie transliteration for the Tibetan term for these four ways??
The text doesn't provide the specific Tibetan term, but refers to 'rjes snang' for certain permissory rituals.
483
What is the proper approach to promoting Buddhism in non-Buddhist societies?
Promoting Buddhism with the idea to convert people is not right. Religion should not be forced on anyone. When people want to learn, our responsibility is to teach them or refer them to teachers.
484
How does the text explain: What is a 'non-returner' in Buddhist accomplishment??
Non-returner is the third level of liberation where attachment to the desire realm is eliminated, taking rebirth only in higher realms before reaching liberation.
485
What are the three forms of generosity in Chinese Buddhism's four all-embracing virtues?
(1) Giving material and financial support, (2) giving sentient beings confidence and freedom from fear, worry, and anxiety, and (3) teaching living beings the Dharma of the Three Baskets.
486
How does the text explain: How does the actual Dharma Jewel relate to culture??
The actual Dharma Jewel - true cessations and true paths in āryas' mindstreams - doesn't depend on culture and is same for all realized beings regardless of when or where they lived.
487
What are the 'two collections' mentioned in Tibetan offering formulas?
The two collections refer to the collection of merit (puṇya-sambhāra) and the collection of wisdom (jñāna-sambhāra) necessary for buddhahood.
488
What role does humility play in teaching qualification?
Generally, educated, wealthy, or powerful Westerners tend toward pride. If a teacher knows much about Buddhism but practices little, pride may arise. Don't become so busy teaching that you neglect practice.
489
Why is sincerity important in teaching the Dharma?
The Buddha's example of fasting for six years illustrates inner strength and determination. Using Buddha's name and teachings for personal gain without taking them seriously is sad and dishonest.
490
What does 'dependent arising' or 'dependent origination' teach?
Dependent arising shows that all phenomena arise in dependence upon causes, conditions, and conceptual designation - nothing exists independently or inherently.
491
How does the text explain: Explain 'right intention' in the eightfold path.?
Right intention involves motivation based on renunciation, loving-kindness, and compassion rather than greed, hatred, and harmful intent.
492
Explain 'conventional bodhicitta' versus 'ultimate bodhicitta'.
Conventional bodhicitta is the aspiration to attain buddhahood for all beings' sake, while ultimate bodhicitta is the wisdom directly realizing emptiness.
493
What example shows that virtue
not status, determines power of words of truth?,"Prostitute Bindumatī stopped Ganges flooding when many sages failed, saying: 'Since I've been in this profession, I've never distinguished between clients. I treat all equally. I used this truth as basis for my words of truth.'
494
What does 'tsampa' refer to in Tibetan culture?
Tsampa is a traditional Tibetan food made from roasted barley flour, mentioned as example of adopting Tibetan culture not being necessary for Buddhism.
495
What attitudes should both Asians and Westerners avoid?
Not skillful for Asian teachers to teach as if speaking to Asian Buddhists. Westerners should avoid cultural chauvinism, nor should Westerners think technological advancement means they can improve everything they contact.
496
Explain: Define 'ānubhāva' from Pāli tradition.
Ānubhāva refers to spiritual power that comes from the Buddha's practice and accomplishments, Dharma's true cessations and paths, and Saṅgha's marvelous qualities.
497
What is meant by: Why should recitations be done in one's own language rather than Tibetan??
Without knowing meaning of words you chant, value of recitation declines sharply. Unless you know Tibetan, do recitations in your own language to understand text and visualize and meditate accordingly.
498
What teaching method did the Buddha employ with disciples?
Buddha didn't simply lecture while disciples listened passively. Questions and answers are good for both teacher and students. Ask questions, encourage broadmindedness and creativity in exploring topics.
499
What is the Wylie transliteration for the Tibetan term for these four ways?
The text doesn't provide the specific Tibetan term, but refers to 'rjes snang' for certain permissory rituals.
500
Explain 'buddha nature' or 'tathāgatagarbha'.
Buddha nature refers to the innate potential for awakening present in all sentient beings, the clear light nature of mind that can be fully actualized.
