Making Living - Lecture

Question 1

What is adaptation?

Answer 1

A process by which organisms develop physiological and behavioural characteristics that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment.

Question 2

What is adaption an interception between?

Answer 2

• changes an organism makes in environment
  and
• changes the environment makes in organism

Question 3

What is interaction between us and the environment?

Answer 3

Adaption

Question 4

Why were lifestyles encountered by Europeans the way they were?

Answer 4

Because the environments had been the same way for a long time ~3000-5000 years.
-When the environment is stable, people don’t need to modify and adapt because their life is stable.

Question 5

What are the two types of environment?

Answer 5

physical or anthropogenic

Question 6

How is adaption of humans achieved?

Answer 6

• Achieved genetically and physiologically, like in other species by means of natural selection.

Question 7

Yet, adaption in humans is mainly (not exclusively)___and this differs us from other species.

Answer 7

cultural

Question 8

What are the three parts of human adaption?

Answer 8

• ecological adaption
• social adaption
• psychological adaption

Question 9

What is a balance between environment and physiological response of humans to the environment

Answer 9

adaption

Question 10

What do changes in environment introduce in humans?

Answer 10

introduce changes in humans at basic physiological level.

Question 11

What differentiated us from other species?

Answer 11

culture

Question 12

How do humans interact with environment?

Answer 12

through production
- patterned and organized activities by which people transform natural resources into things (products) that satisfy their needs/wants.

Question 13

What 3 things does production (a social activity) involve?

Answer 13

• the division of labour
• patterns of cooperation
• allocation of rights to resources

Question 14

What are the 3 components of production?

Answer 14

labour, technology, resources

Question 15

Why do we interact with the environment?

Answer 15

for purposes of satisfying needs

Question 16

What are the 5 patterns of adaption (aka patterns of subsistence)?

Answer 16

• foraging (hunting and gathering)
• horticulture (incl. slash-and-burn cultivation)
• intensive agriculture
• pastoralism (or herding)
• industrialism (including mechanized agriculture)

Question 17

Describe the lifestyle of foragers? (4 points)

Answer 17

• move about a great deal
• seasonal congregation and dispersal
• small size of groups (bands)
• populations stabilize well below the carrying capacity of their land

Question 18

What is the average size of foraging bands?

Answer 18

fewer than 100

Question 19

What is carrying capacity?

Answer 19

Is the maximum population size that the environment can sustain at a given level of technology, without depleting itself.

Question 20

What is the oldest subsistence pattern?

Answer 20

food foraging

Question 21

How many people today are foragers?

Answer 21

half a quarter of million people today

Question 22

Why do foragers need to move around a lot?

Answer 22

because their resources are limited, season nd climate change

Question 23

What is an example of foragers?

Answer 23

Ju’ / hanse

Question 24

How are foraging societies usually perceived?

Answer 24

Starving, malnourished, no social or cultural life.

Question 25

What are foraging societies like in actuality?

Answer 25

They are well nourished, cultural (they meet each other often, visiting neighbours). Women spend more time in camps, whereas men hunt.

Question 26

What is an example of an egalitarian subsistence pattern?

Answer 26

foraging

Question 27

What is an egalitarian society?

Answer 27

sharing, everyone gets same amount of food/resources

Question 28

How is wealth NOT viewed in foraging societies?

Answer 28

Not viewed as money and surplus of food.

Question 29

What is their a low density of in foraging?

Answer 29

social relations

Question 30

In foraging societies, and membership is___.

Answer 30

fluid

Question 31

In foraging, gender___.

Answer 31

autonomy

Question 32

What are rights to resources like in foraging societies?

Answer 32

flexible

Question 33

What is the definition of egalitarian?

Answer 33

populations have few possessions and share what they have -- reciprocal sharing (is normatively expected).

Question 34

What is the original affluent society?

Answer 34

foragers

Question 35

What are the three elements of human organization in foraging?

Answer 35

- division of labor by gender - food sharing - the camp

Question 36

What is the the camp in foraging societies?

Answer 36

centre of daily activity and the place where food is shared.

Question 37

What are two examples of food foragers?

Answer 37

- The Netsilik (Hudson Bay) | - Ju/hoansi (Kalahari Dessert)

Question 38

In which way (4) the Ju/ the "original affluent society"?

Answer 38

- highly developed - well balanced and ample diet - plenty of leisure time - rich in human warmth and aesthetics

Question 39

During what period was the transition from foraging to production?

Answer 39

Neolithic period

Question 40

Transition to Food production: ___middle east ___central asia ___New World (Mexico, Northern Peru)

Answer 40

- 11 000 - 9000 - 5000-6000

Question 41

How does horticulture work?

Answer 41

People use mainly or only the energy of their own muscles to clear land, turn over the soil, plant, weed, and harvest crops.

Question 42

What is shifting (swidden)?

Answer 42

cultivation (slash and burn)

Question 43

What are the two types of horticulture?

Answer 43

- shifting (swidden) | - dry land gardening

Question 44

What are 5 cultural consequences of horticulture?

Answer 44

- improves productivity of land - modifies natural environment - requires people to make labour investment into land - rights to land are becoming better defined - introduces sedentary lifestyle

Question 45

When did the storing of possessions become possible?

Answer 45

With horticulture (not nomadic bands, but villages).

Question 46

When did ownership of land begin to emerge?

Answer 46

With horticulture

Question 47

What does intensive agriculture rely on?

Answer 47

relies on energy other than human

Question 48

Why does intensive agriculture rely on other energy than human?

Answer 48

because fields are farmed more frequently

Question 49

Which subsistence pattern utilizes substantial fertilization, crop rotation, and irrigation

Answer 49

intensive agriculture

Question 50

What subsistence pattern was common at the time of contact (Old-New World)

Answer 50

intensive agriculture

Question 51

What ist eh "single farm family unit" a consequence of?

Answer 51

intensive agriculture

Question 52

What can the surplus from intensive agriculture be used for?

Answer 52

- exchanged for other goods - traded (using money) - collected to be used as payment for public work - collected as taxes (used later for public purposes)

Question 53

What was the result of intensive agriculture (specifically the surplus created)?

Answer 53

People become politically (inter)dependent

Question 54

What led to the development of state (large-scale political organization)?

Answer 54

Intensive agriculture

Question 55

What led to the development of a farming class of peasants?

Answer 55

Intensive agriculture

Question 56

What is pastoralism?

Answer 56

Subsistence that relies on raising herds of domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

Question 57

True of False: Pastoralists are usually nomadic.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

What are the Bakhtiari, Baser, and Nuer examples of?

Answer 58

Pastoralists

Question 59

What led to individuals being free to specialize full-time in distinct activities?

Answer 59

development of cities

Question 60

What did non-industrial cities grow around? What did they develop from?

Answer 60

- non-industrial cities grew around the earliest most successful farming communities - developed as intensified agricultural techniques created a surplus

Question 61

What did the development of cities result in?

Answer 61

Increased social stratification

Question 62

What is social stratification?

Answer 62

People are ranked according to gender, the work they do, and the family they are born into

Question 63

when did social relationships grow more formal and centralized?

Answer 63

development of cities

Question 64

When was the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan founded/

Answer 64

1235

Question 65

The Tenochtitlan population in the 16th century was___times that of London.

Answer 65

five

Question 66

How many square kilometres did Tenochtitlan cover? How many houses were there?

Answer 66

- 52 | - 60 000

Question 67

What was Tenochtitlan based on?

Answer 67

Intensive agriculture

Question 68

Was diversification of labour with numerous specialists absent in Tenochtitlan?

Answer 68

no

Question 69

What were the three main classes in Tenochtitlan?

Answer 69

serfs, commoners, and noblels

Question 70

Who ruled Tenochtitlan?

Answer 70

a semidivine king ruled with a council of advisors

Question 71

What oversaw public business in Tenochtitlan?

Answer 71

A large bureaucracy

Question 72

What are the aztecs famous for?

Answer 72

temples, religion (human sacrifice) MILITARY

Question 73

What did Tenochtitlan form around?

Answer 73

a big lake

Question 74

Where did they build crops in Tenochtitlan?

Answer 74

floating in the lake