Male Reproduction Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the testicles?
A
exocrine: produce sperm cells, endocrine: produce the male steroid Testosterone (also produce estrogen but not as much)
2
Q
Function of the epididymis?
A
sperm maturation and storage
3
Q
Function of the scrotum?
A
contains and protects testicles
4
Q
Function of the ductus deferens?
A
connects epididymis to urethra, transports sperm to the urethra
5
Q
What is another name for the ductus deferens?
A
vas deferens
6
Q
Function of the urethra?
A
muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder to the length of the penis
7
Q
What makes up the accessory glands?
A
seminal vesicles (vesicular glands), prostate, and cowpers glands
8
Q
Function of the accessory sex glands?
A
add volume and nutrients for sperm to semen
9
Q
Function of the penis?
A
organ of copulation
10
Q
What are the components of sperm?
A
head, mid-piece, principle peace, proximal cytoplasmic droplet
11
Q
Function of the head of sperm?
A
contains genetic information, haploid cells
12
Q
What is a haploid cell?
A
a cell containing a single set of chromosomes
13
Q
Function of the mid-piece of sperm? What is another name for midpiece?
A
(mitochondrial helix) energy production for mobility
14
Q
Function of the principle piece?
A
(tail) motility
15
Q
What is the proximal cytoplasmic droplet?
A
sign sperm did not fully mature in epididymis
16
Q
What is acrosome?
A
digestive enzyme that breaks down outer portion of ovum
17
Q
What is capacitation?
A
changes that occur to sperm in female tract
18
Q
When does the acrosome reaction occur?
A
after capacitation
19
Q
What are the penile types?
A
vascular and fibrous
20
Q
What is a vascular penis?
A
tremendous blood influx increases length, stiffens, and increases width
21
Q
What is a fibrous penis?
A
stiffening of penis and relaxation of contractor muscles
22
Q
What kind of penis do dogs have?
A
fibroelastic
23
Q
What are the 3 parts of the penis?
A
glans penis (head), shaft (where most of the erection occurs, and root
24
Q
What 3 things are semen analyzed for?
A
volume per ejaculate (ml), sperm concentration per ml x 10^6, total sperm per ejaculate x 10^9
25
Why is boar semen deposited in the cervix?
because they have low sperm concentration
26
How does the male reproductive organs differ in poultry?
no penis and instead have a rudimentary organ of copulation that transfers sperm to the oviduct of the hen, testis maintained internally inside the body
27
How is sperm stored in poultry?
It is stored in the oviduct of female and is able to fertilize eggs for 70 days in turkeys and 35 days in chickens
28
What is the "equivalent of a penis" in poultry?
phallus
29
What is castration?
removal of the testicles
30
What is castration called for dogs and cats?
neuter
31
What is the purpose of castration?
preventing undesired mating and improving meat quality
32
What is a negative of castration?
decreases feed efficacy and growth rate
33
What is controlled/limited breeding season?
limiting the time interval animals are allowed to mate
34
What are the two types of breeding?
artificial and natural
35
What are examples of natural breeding?
sheep-natural breed in the fall and lamb in the spring-short day breeders
horse-natural breed in late spring and foal the following spring-long day breeders
36
What is a long day breeder?
breed in spring
37
What is short day breeder?
breed in fall
38
What is artificial breeding?
limiting of breeding season by man
39
What are advantages of controlled breeding season?
easier nutritional management, easier health management, easier to observe and assistance at time of parturition, more uniform animals to market
40
What are the disadvantages of controlled breeding season?
all animals reach marketing age at the same time
41
What is estrous synchronization?
getting all livestock to go into heat at same time
42
Do all sheep/horses/etc follow the breeding season?
Not necessarily because in some places there are not distinct seasons
43
How does estrous synchronization occur?
induction of corpus luteum regression/ovulation, delaying ovulation, or a combination
44
What does regressing the corpus luteum do?
allow estrous to peak
45
What does estrous synchronization use?
AI or embryo transfer, greater supervision of animals at parturition
46
Benefits of estrous synchronization?
more efficient use of labor and facilities, animals bred on 1 day will give birth in at approximately the same time, out of season breeding
47
What is artificial insemination?
semen is deposited in female reproductive tract by artificial techniques rather than natural mating
48
When was AI first documented? In what animal?
1779, dogs
49
What animals have AI techniques been developed in?
cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, poultry, and lab animals
50
What are advantages of AI?
- semen can be diluted multiple matings from one ejaculation
- semen can be frozen and stored for later use
- use sires after death
- limit possible spread of disease
- mate animals which are a large distance apart
51
What are disadvantages of AI?
additional skills required
52
When does AI have to occur?
as close to ovulation as possible
53
Where does AI occur?
semen is deposited beyond the vagina and past the cervix into the uterine body ensure more likely to get pregnant and sperm cells reach ovum
54
What is necessary for successful AI?
accurate detection of estrus
55
How is estrus detected in cattle?
cow in estrus will stand to be ridden by other cows, sterilized bull will aid in detection of estrus
56
How is estrus detected in sheep/goats?
animals in estrus will stand to be mated by male, sterilized males must be used to detect estrus
57
How is estrus detected in horses?
mare elevates tail, contracts vulva (winking), and braces in the presence of stallion
58
How is estrus detected in swine?
assume a rigid stance with ears erect when pressure is applied to back, presence of boar will enhance response, lordosis
59
What is lordosis?
sow will arch back when pressure applied
60
Why is AI used in almost all livestock turkeys?
they are bred too big to breed naturally
61
What is cryopreservation?
preservation of sperm/eggs so that there are genetic resources to use in the future
62
What are the two parts of the epididymus?
caput and cauda
63
What is the function of the caput epididymis?
sperm maturition
64
What is the function of the cauda epididymus?
sperm storage
65
What is the function of the ampulla?
adds fructose to the sperm to nourish it
66
What is the sigmoid flexure?
in fibrous penis, the rest of the length
67
What is the gubernaculum?
structure that pulls testes from the abdominal region into the scrotum through the inguinal canal
68
Why are the testes outside the body for most animals?
the testes need to be cooler for semen production, 2-3 degrees cooler
69
What is the retractor penis muscle?
what moves the penis in and out of sheath (relaxed=in and contracted=out)
70
How is semen collected?
using a live animal or a dummy, electroejaculation
71
Do probes lead to more semen ejaculation?
no
72
What is semen evaluated for?
sperm morphology, life to death ratio, sperm concentration
73
What are the ingredients in semen extension?
isotonic media, nutrient, cryopreservation, antibiotic
74
Why is isotonic media added to semen?
it has the same osmolarity
75
Why are nutrients added to semen?
"feeds" the sperm (like calcium etc)
76
Why are antibiotics added to semen?
so it doesn't grow bacteria that can destroy sperm cells
77
How is semen stored?
frozen gradually through a computer controlled process. Tubes containing semen are stores inside canes which are stores inside a canister with liquid nitrogen
78
How long can preserved semen last?
over 50 years
79
What are the ways pregnancy is diagnosed?
breeding marks, palpation, blood test, ultrasound, bagging
80
What are breeding marks? What do they do?
male marks female at mating; earliest possible indication of conception
81
What are breeding marks for cattle?
chin ball marker, K-mar patches
82
What are breeding marks for sheep and goats?
marking harness, painted brisket
83
what are animals with breeding marks presumed to be?
pregnant, non-marked are presumed to be open
84
What is the problem with breeding marks?
marks can wash off, marker wears out and no mark at mating, mating does not guarantee pregnancy
85
What animals is palpation used in?
cattle and horses
86
What is palpation?
trained individuals feel for developing calf or foal
87
What do blood tests look for in cattle?
elevated levels of progesterone levels and PSPB (pregnancy specific protein B)
88
What is PSPB produced by?
the uterus
89
What do blood tests look for in dogs?
Relaxin protein
90
What do blood tests look for in humans?
HCG, human chorionic hormone
91
What are the types of ultrasound?
external transducer, real time external, real time transrectal
92
What is an external transducer ultrasound?
a hand-held machine which indicates pregnancy by beeping
93
What can result in a false positive for external transducer ultrasounds?
full bladder
94
What animals are external transducer ultrasounds used on?
sheep, goats, pigs
95
What is a real time external ultrasound?
machine which allows you to visualize the developing fetus on a screen; allows you to count fetuses
96
What animals are real time external ultrasounds used on?
sheep, goats, pigs
97
What is a real time transrectal ultrasound?
same machine as real time external but a probe goes in the rectum
98
Which ultrasound can detect pregnancy the earliest? How early?
real times transrectal; 18 days
99
What animals are real time transrectal ultrasounds used on?
sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cows
100
What is bagging?
examination of udder to check for development
101
When can bagging be used?
1 month before parturition
102
What is embryo transfer?
removal of the embryo early in its development from its own mother's (donor's) uterus and transfer to another female's (recipient's) uterus
103
Is the recipient or donor "better"?
the donor
104
What animals were embryo transfer developed in?
sheep, goats, swine, cattle, and horses
105
What animal is embryo transfer used commercially in?
purebred cattle
106
What are the steps of embryo transfer in cattle?
1. donors are superovulated (induced to ovulate multiple eggs) and bred
2. embryos are removed non-surgically
3. embryos are removed and transferred to recipients or frozen and stored for later use
107
What is in vitro fertilization?
fertilization in a test tube (outside the body)
108
How does in vitro fertilization occur?
eggs are collected from donor female, mature and fertilized in a lab, then frozen or transferred to a recipient
109
At what stage are eggs collected for in vitro fertilization?
any stage
