Poultry - Avian Flashcards
1
Q
Mature male chicken?
A
Rooster/Cock
2
Q
Mature female chicken?
A
Hen
3
Q
Castrated male chicken?
A
Capon
4
Q
Immature male chicken?
A
Cockrel
5
Q
Chicken offspring?
A
chick
6
Q
Immature female chicken?
A
Pullet
7
Q
Chicken breeds?
A
White Leghorn, Barred Plymouth Rock, White Cornish, Rhode Island Red
8
Q
Novelty chicken breeds?
A
Naked Neck (Turken), Ameraucana, Sultan
9
Q
Turkey breeds?
A
Bronze, Bourbon, White. Narragansett
10
Q
Duck breeds?
A
Pekin, Muscovy
11
Q
Geese breeds?
A
Brown Chinese, Pilgrim
12
Q
What are other types of birds?
A
quail, parrots, ostrich
13
Q
What is Georgia a national leader in?
A
Quail production
14
Q
What does ratite mean?
A
flightless, large, long-legged bird
15
Q
What are examples of ritites?
A
Ostrich and Emu
16
Q
How much meat do Jungle Fowl produce? How long does it take?
A
4-6 pounds in 3+ years
17
Q
How much meat do broilers produce? How long does it take?
A
4 pounds in <40 days
18
Q
What has happened to domesticated chicken size overtime? Why?
A
increased; genetic selection
19
Q
What has happened to poultry production overtime?
A
increased
20
Q
What countries lead in broiler meat production?
A
United States, Brazil, EU, China, India, Russia
21
Q
What states lead in broiler meat production?
A
Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Texas
22
Q
What states lead in turkey production?
A
Minnesota, North Carolina, Arkansas, Indiana, Montana
23
Q
What are the leading chicken industry brands?
A
Pilgrim’s Pride, Tyson Foods, Perdue Farms
24
Q
What is the order of the chicken supply chain?
A
(insert name of chicken company/subsidy)->Pullet farms-> Breeder farms -> Hatchery -> Broiler farm -> Processing/further-processing plant ->distribution
Feed mil from pullet to broiler
25
What does (inset company name here) do?
provide grandparent and parent breeding stock
26
What does Pullet Farm do?
pullets (parents) grown to 20 weeks
27
What does Breeder farms do?
Pullets begin laying eggs at 26 weeks
28
What does hatchery do?
eggs are in hatchery for 21 days
29
What does Broiler farm do?
Broilers reach market weight in about 46 days
30
What do feed mills do?
produce scientifically formulated feed for pellets and broilers
31
What Tyson chicken operations are in south Georgia?
Buena Vista, Dawson, Oglethorpe, Vienna
32
What is Buena Vista?
processing plant
33
What is Dawson?
further processing plant
34
What is Oglethorpe?
feed mill, hatchery
35
What is Vienna?
processing plant, cold storage warehouse
36
What type of life cycle do broilers have?
all in-all out, don't want overlap
37
How many broods of broilers are there a year?
5-8
38
What is the broiler life cycle?
fertilization/hatchery (day 0) -> 1-3 d Chicks/Grower (day 21) -> Remove/Grower (day 80, <60 day post-hatching) -> Sterilization/Sanitation (day 81) -> 1-3 d Chicks/Grower (day 95-102)
39
Why are inside areas better than free range?
level of predation is lower
40
What are characteristics of a modern poultry farm?
climate controlled, birds remain in their the time of their life, has a carrying capacity, litter (wood shavings)
41
What has to happen to litter?
It has to be replaced frequently due to Nitrogen build up
42
What is the purpose of a heat lamp?
mimic brooding, as chicks go they require a higher temp
43
What does length of heat depend on?
season; brooding in summer (2 weeks) and brooding in winter (3 weeks)
44
How has the kind of poultry meat produced changed overtime?
decrease in whole chicken, increase in cut up and further processed
45
What can chicken litter be used for?
fertilization, biogas generation, (and something else idk)
46
What are the leading states in chicken and manure production?
Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina
47
How long does it take turkeys to reach meat production age?
6 months to 24 weeks
48
At what weight are turkeys slaughtered?
35 pounds
49
How many eggs a year do Jungle Fowl produce?
4-10
50
How many eggs a year do White Leghorn produce?
250
51
What country is the leader of egg production?
China
52
What states lead in egg production?
Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania
53
Do all egg laying chickens produce the same amount?
no
54
On average how many eggs do laying hens produce a year?
250
55
What is done to the beaks of laying hen chickens and why?
beaks are trimmed to prevent cannibalism
56
How is molting induced?
fasting and reducing the daylight
57
What happens when chickens molt?
stop laying eggs
58
What is molting in the wild?
chickens shed and regrow feathers in the fall as daylight decreases
59
What does molting improve?
egg laying rate, shell quality, and albumin height
60
How are laying hens kept? Why?
in cages to reduce exposure to disease and keep eggs cleaner
61
What are the types of laying hen systems?
conventional battery cages, enriched colony, aviary
62
What is the name of the group that investigates egg laying facilities?
Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES)
63
What are animal care issues?
Study methods, Commercial setting, Sample size, required multiple years, very expensive
64
What are characteristics of conventional battery cages?
indoors, climate controlled, multi leveled, 6 hens per cage, eggs roll down
65
What are characteristics of enriched colony?
indoor, multi level, wire mesh floor, wider space than battery cages, allows chickens to express normal behavior
66
What are characteristics of an aviary?
free range, no cages, indoors, climate controlled, open space and multiple levels to allow for natural behavior
67
What is incubation?
warming egg and turning it so that developing embryo develops and also doesn't stick to one side
68
How many US households own bird?
7.9 million
69
How many birds are owned at pets in the US?
20.3 million
70
What is the accepted hen mortality rate?
5%
71
Which laying facility has the highest mortality rate?
aviary
72
What is Campylobacter spp.?
the most common bacteria that causes diarrhea
73
Why do aviaries have a high mortality rate?
Campylobacter spp.
74
What laying facility is best?
Enriched colony
75
How is the enriched colony being the best facility a compromise?
improves welfare with the fewest problems with sustainability
76
Why is free range not sustainable?
it will not meet the demand for food, and we would need for land and resources than we have access to
77
What is the function of the infundibulum?
egg pickup, sperm storage, and fertilization
78
What is the function of the isthmus?
formation of shell membrane
79
What is the function of the uterus?
formation of shell
80
What is the function of the Magnum?
albumen (egg white) secretion
81
Do chickens lay eggs everyday?
no
82
How long does the egg stay in the infundibulum?
0.5 hours
83
How long does the egg stay in the magnum?
2-3 hours
84
How long does the egg stay in the isthmus?
1.5 hours
85
How long does the egg stay in the uterus?
18-20 hours
86
What is pause length?
clutch size
87
a longer pause length means?
lower production quality
88
What does clutch size increase with?
LH surge
89
When does LH surge peak?
when dark
90
What deformities can result from egg production?
egg shape/size, double yolk, double shell
91
What is the purpose of candling?
see if egg is fertile, looking for germinal disk
92
Can the same hen lay eggs of varying sizes? is this good or bad?
yes, bad
93
What is the purpose of the air cell?
so the chick can have air to breathe while developing, located at the blunt end
94
What is the function of the chalaza?
hold yolk in place
95
What two things are eggs measured in to determine their quality?
air cell and shell thickness
96
What two things are eggs categorized in?
size (class) and quality (grade)
97
What grades are there for eggs?
AA, A, or B
98
Is more or less shell thickness better?
less
99
Is more or less air cell better?
less
100
How has the distribution of eggs produced changed overtime?
number of liquid egg increases, shell in decreases, exported egg briefly increased but then decreased again
101
What is the life cycle of laying chickens?
fertilization (day 0)>Hatching (day 21)>Grow Out (6 months)>Laying Phase (50 weeks)> Forced Molting>Laying Phase II (30 weeks)>Processing
102
Why is laying phase not continued after the second one?
they don't produce as much after
103
Is the laying or broiler life cycle longer?
laying
104
What occurs during the grow out phase (laying)?
provide nutrition (energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous)
105
How many mL of semen are taken from roosters?
1-1.5
106
What occurs after hatching?
placed on hatching tray so sexing can occur
107
How are chicks sexed?
wing feathers, vent anatomy, and barring
108
How are chicks sexed by wing feathers?
if feathers same height it is male, if differing it is female
109
How are chicks sexed by vent anatomy?
bump means male, no bump means female
110
How are chicks sexed by barring?
white spot on head means male
111
What is zoonotic?
diseases that can go from human to animal or animal to human
112
What does avian flu come from?
migratory birds
113
What is an increasing source of salmonella?
backyard poultry
114
What are symptoms of salmonella?
diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps,
115
What can result from salmonella?
Hospitalizations or death
116
How can you reduce chance of salmonella infection?
wash hands with soap and water after handling poultry, don't eat or drink in the area where the birds live, don't let young children or elderly or those with weakened immune system handle poultry, don't kiss or snuggle birds and then touch mouth
