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Introduction to Animal Science > Domestication > Flashcards

Domestication Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What is domestication?

A

to adapt to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans

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2
Q

What does it mean for an animal to be wild?

A

living in a natural, undomesticated state

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3
Q

skip

A

skip

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4
Q

Does being familiar with humans mean they aren’t wild?

A

No, it does not remove their wild nature

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5
Q

What is a feral animal?

A

Ancestors had been domesticated but now have reverted and live in a wild state

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6
Q

When an animal becomes feral, does that mean they are un-domesticated?

A

No

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7
Q

What is a tame animal?

A

an animal relatively tolerant of human presence

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8
Q

What is an introduced species?

A

a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location, and is believed to be beneficial to the environment, human economy and/or human health

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9
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location; and has a tendency to spread, which is believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy and/or human health

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a domesticated animals?

A

bred in captivity for human benefit, complete control of breeding/reproduction, control territory, control food supply

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11
Q

How do domesticated animals benefit humans?

A

food, companionship, or work

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12
Q

What does it mean for humans to have control of breeding of domesticated animals?

A

humans control breeding and therefore the traits of the animals

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13
Q

What does it mean for humans to control the territory of domesticated animals?

A

control where the animal lives

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14
Q

What does it mean for humans to control the food supply of domesticated animals?

A

control their nutrition and stabilizers of food economy

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15
Q

What was vital to the development of human civilization? How?

A

domestication; increase quantity of food available, decrease labor required, draft, development of market economies (bartering), primary factor in warfare

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16
Q

How many mammalian species are there?

A

5,488

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17
Q

How many bird species and sub species?

A

10,000 species; 22,000 sub species

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18
Q

How many domesticated species are there? Why?

A

15-20; domestication takes a long time, the animals already domesticated were more common in areas compared to others, not all animals benefit humans

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19
Q

What are the criteria for domestication?

A

diet, growth rate, breed in captivity, disposition, less likely to panic, size, social hierarchy

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20
Q

Why is diet a criteria of domestication?

A

it’s easier if they eat a variety of things

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21
Q

Why is growth rate a criteria of domestication?

A

want them to mature rapidly

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22
Q

Why is being able to be bred in captivity a criteria of domestication?

A

reproduction can be controlled, and thus traits can be controlled

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23
Q

Why is disposition a criteria of domestication?

A

strong nerves, have to have right temperament to humans

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24
Q

Why is being less likely to panic a criteria of domestication?

A

important to not panic in human presence

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25
Why is size a criteria of domestication?
smaller animals are easier to handle, size is important for their use
26
Why is social hierarchy a criteria of domestication?
they have to understand that humans are the leaders
27
How are there so many differences within an animal species if they came from the same ancestors?
variation among genes is then bred, the environment, lose genes not needed over time (like how their brain decreases in size as they become domesticated)
28
When were dogs domesticated?
10,000-12,000 years ago
29
What animal were dogs domesticated from? From where?
Wolves (Arabian, Chinese, Indian, European)
30
What are the two theories of dog domestication? Which is most likely?
1-Humans domesticated wolves by picking them and taking them home and overtime breeding certain traits 2- Wolves domesticated themselves by approaching human hunter-gatherers for food Theory 2 is most likely
31
What animal was the best at being domesticated? Why?
dogs; genomes
32
What are the stages of dog domesitcation?
``` 1- self domestication 2- strict captivity (limit breeding) 3- intentional breeding 4- trait standardization 5- eliminate wild species (genes) ```
33
What does limiting breeding/strict captivity mean?
limit unintentional breeding, like what is done in the wild
34
What is intentional breeding?
breeding for specific traits, can use inbreeding
35
What is trait standardization?
fixing the genomes (such as black body dog x white face dog = black body white faced dog), inbreeding is used
36
What animals were used in the domestication study Who did it?
silver foxes; Dmitri Belyaev
37
What selection was made in the domestication study?
direct selection for "temperament"
38
What was the result of the domestication study?
they had shorter legs, dog hair coat, barking, wagging and curled tail, smaller teeth, shorter muzzle, play in adulthood, and have 2 estrous cycles
39
What is a estrous cycle?
the reproductive cycle
40
What was the first domesticated animal?
dog
41
What are some traits of domesticated dogs?
most diversified domesticated animal (phenotypically), the most tortured genetically, capable of reverting to a feral type
42
How are dog genes different?
some genes activated sooner, some remain activated longer, and some are never activated
43
How are dogs' brain capacity different?
dogs with "jobs" retain a higher proportion of brain capacity (herding, working, bird), dog without "jobs" have proportionally smaller capacity
44
What are the magnificent 7?
first animals domesticated
45
What is the order of the magnificent 7?
dog, goat, sheep, cattle, pig, horse, cat (goat and sheep, and then cattle and pig happened around the same time)
46
Are the magnificent 7 more carnivores or herbivores? Why?
herbivores; they eat plants and are easier to keep fed then animals that eat other animals
47
What is the domestication process of herbavores?
shift from pure hunting to herd management, control movement of herds, selective removal of young males
48
Why does selective breeding of young males occur? For what does it occur?
alters sex ratio, alters age structure, breeding, isolation from wild type; herbivore domestication
49
Why were sheep and goats domesticated?
size, highly gregarious (easy to follow instruction and submit to leadership), wide utilization of feed resources, variety of useful products
50
What products do sheep and goats provide?
meat, milk, leather, fiber (wool and hair)
51
Sheep origins?
Mouflon in Eurasia
52
Goat origins?
Wild goats in Eurasia and Middle East
53
What does it mean that goats and sheep are highly specialized?
They were bred to create species that provide specific things (like sheep just for wool and sheep just for meat)
54
Cattle origin?
Eurasia
55
What the ancestor of cattle?
Auroch (giant wild ox)
56
Cattle products?
milk, meat, leather, draft
57
What impact did cattle have on social importance?
language development (alphabet, "stock market, bull market"
58
What impact did cattle have on source of wealth?
bartering, mobile food storage, development of US west
59
What impact did cattle have on sacred status?
Egyptian gods Hathor (cow) and Apis (bull), India
60
What other bovines besides cattle are domesticated?
Asian water buffalo, yaks
61
What products do Asian water buffalo provide?
work, meat, and milk; however they aren't tolerant to heat and wallow in mud
62
What products do Yaks provide?
work, milk, meat, hides for warm clothing
63
Where are Yaks found?
high mountains of Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia (wild and domestic animals in same location)
64
Are swine herbivores or carnivores? What other animal is a pig stomach's similar to?
omnivores (stomach is similar to humans)
65
Where do swine originate from? What kind?
Eurasia; European wild boar and East Indian pig
66
What were swine considered before they were domesticated?
pests; they were hunted for control as much as for food during early farming periods
67
What type of environment do domesticated pigs like? Why?
housing/pens; they aren't a good herding animal
68
Why were swine domesticated?
prolificacy in suitable environment, value
69
What products do swine provide?
meat, lard, and leather
70
What environment are swine best suited to? Why?
tropical to temperate environments, they lack sweat glands
71
What does prolificacy mean?
ability to produce a lot of offspring
72
What two explorers spread the location of swine? What happened?
Columbus and Hernando De Soto; population grew and spread very quickly
73
Where do true wild horses still remain?
Ukraine and China, Zebra's in Africa, Wild donkeys in Africa (feral in US), Mustang (feral in US), Przewalski Horse in Mongolia
74
What do horses and donkeys provide?
meat, milk, leather, warfare (key component to almost all wars), draft (second to cattle)
75
What are horses and donkeys currently used for?
draft and transportation, recreational riding is limited to only a few countries
76
What are the 4 types of Camelids?
Dromedary Camel, Llama, Bactrian Camel, Alpaca
77
What are dromedary camels used for?
milk, meat, leather, draft
78
What products do Llamas provide?
pack, meat, milk, leather
79
What are alpacas used for?
fiber, meat, milk, leather
80
What are Bactrian camels used for?
adapted to colder climates because of two humps (fat storage)
81
How were cats domesticated?
self-domestication
82
What kind of relationship do cats have with humans?
symbiotic, commensal, exploitive captives (biological term), and pet concept (affluent societies)
83
What is symbiotic relationship?
mutually beneficial relationship
84
What is a commensal relationship?
one benefits from the other, the other is unaffected
85
What does the term exploitive captives mean?
captives of humans, but exploiting this relationship to their own ends rather than suffering from it
86
Which of the magnificent 7 is the least domesticated?
cats
87
What animal did cats originate from?
European and African/Asian wildcat
88
What animal did chickens originate from?
Asian Jungle Fowl
89
What products do chickens provide?
meat, eggs, feathers
90
How were chickens domesticated?
humans, NOT self-domestication
91
How many chicken breeds are there?
around 400
92
Do wild turkeys still exist?
yes

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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