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Introduction to Animal Science > Nutrition and Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Nutrition and Digestive Physiology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

summation of ingested compounds that maintain physiological functions

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

reduction in particle size to the point of being soluble (absorbed)

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3
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

chemical substance absorbed from digestive tract, required to maintain physiological function

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4
Q

What is diet?

A

what is digested

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5
Q

What do animals require?

A

water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins

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6
Q

What are the classes of nutrients?

A

water, carbohydrates, fat, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

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7
Q

What are the common features of the digestive system?

A

prehension, mastication, digestion, nutrient absorption, water absorption

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8
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

chemical and microbial

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9
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

carbohydrates, lipids (fat and oil)

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10
Q

What is prehension?

A

grasping or seizing or getting food into the mouth

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11
Q

What is mastication?

A

grinding or reducing particle size of food (chewing)

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of diet?

A

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, granivore, frugivore

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13
Q

What are the two types of herbivores?

A

ruminants and non-ruminants

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14
Q

what is a ruminant?

A

have rumen

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15
Q

What is rumen?

A

compartments in stomach

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16
Q

Do cows have 4 stomachs?

A

no, they are ruminants so they have 4 compartment

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17
Q

What kind of digestion do carnivores have?

A

chemical

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18
Q

What do carnivores eat?

A

meat, >80% animal based diet

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19
Q

What does meat provide?

A

complete protein, minerals, vitamins, energy (fats and lipids, protein can be used for energy)

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20
Q

What do omnivores eat?

A

meat and plant materials

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21
Q

What kind of digestion do herbivores have?

A

chemical (some microbial but is species dependent)

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22
Q

Can omnivores digest plant material?

A

not capable of digesting high fiber diets

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23
Q

What can be supplemented from non-animal sources? For what?

A

protein and B-Complex vitamins; omnivores

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24
Q

What plant materials do omnivores eat?

A

seeds, fruits, tubers (like soil growing plants)

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25
What kind of digestion do herbivores have?
Microbial fermentation, and chemical
26
What is produced (?) during microbial fermentation?
volatile fatty acids and vitamins
27
What is digested (?) during chemical digestion?
soluble CHO's (carbohydrates), protein, microbes
28
What do herbivores eat?
plants; primarily forages
29
Where does protein digestion start?
stomach
30
Where does carbohydrate digestion start?
mouth
31
Where does microbial digestion occur?
in the rumen; in the cecum for non-ruminants
32
What does lipase?
breaks down lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids
33
Where does water absorption happen?
large intestine
34
What digestion process occurs in the mouth?
mastication (mechanical grinding) and also chemical digestion through saliva
35
In a baby ruminant animal, what part of stomach would be the biggest? Why?
abomasum; acts as a true stomach
36
What happens in the small intestine of ruminants?
enzymes work to break down
37
What happens in the large intestine of ruminants?
water absorption
38
What kind of diet has a monogastric digestive system?
carnivore, omnivore
39
What kind of diet has a ruminant stomach?
herbivore
40
What kind of diet has a modified monogastric digestive system?
carnivore, omnivore, granivore, frugivore, insectivore
41
What species has modified monogastric digestive system?
avian
42
What happens in the crop?
has mucus lining and fluid to moisten food; stores food, small amount of fermentation
43
What is the proventriculus?
the stomach for birds, but not a lot of digestion occurs here; secretes HCl and digestive enzymes
44
What happens in the gizzard?
mechanical grinding happens (is very muscular)
45
What happens in the Ceca?
microbial digestion
46
Are acids sour or bitter?
sour
47
Are bases sour or bitter?
bitter
48
What is pH?
"power of hydrogen" (0-14)
49
What happens when an acid is mixed with water?
yields H+ ions
50
What happens when a base is mixed with water?
yields OH- ions
51
What does pepsin do?
break down protein
52
What do mucous cells do?
secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid
53
What do parietal cells do?
secrete hydrochloric acid
54
What do chief cells do?
secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme
55
What do G cells do?
secrete the hormone gastrin
56
What are the two parts of the small intestine?
proximal and distal
57
What does the proximal part of the small intestine do?
digestion; further breakdown of feed, protein, fats, and carbohydrates
58
What does the distal part of the small intestine do?
nutrient absorption; absorption of food starts occuring
59
What does peptidase do?
break down proteins
60
What happens in the rectum?
stores waste until ready to be expelled
61
What is the digestive enzyme in the mouth? What does it digest?
Amylase, it starts digesting carbohydrates
62
During digestion, what are proteins broken down into?
peptides and then amino acids
63
What is a nickname for the cecum?
blind pouch
64
What kind of diet has a larger cecum? Why?
non-ruminant herbivores; microbial digestion happens only here for them instead of also in a rumen
65
What is the digestion order for monogastric digestive systems?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum (appendix), large intestine
66
What happens in the stomach?
chemical digestion of soluble carbohydrates and proteins
67
What happens in the cecum?
microbial fermentation of non-soluble carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids and absorption
68
What happens in the large intestine of non-ruminant herbivores?
absorption of water and additional nutrients, recovery of water and electrolytes
69
What is the digestion order for non-ruminant herbivores?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, distal large intestine
70
What does the rumen do?
microbial fermentation
71
What does the abomasum do?
acts as true stomach
72
What does the omasum do?
acts like a strainer; absorbs water and nutrients from the feed and then transfers it
73
What does the reticulum do?
bigger things go here, serves as a gatekeeper, anything not broken down is trapped in reticulum; Collects larger particles from rumen and moves smaller particles into omasum
74
What does the omasum contain?
tissues that make it more efficient
75
What is the rumen's main energy source?
volatile fatty acids
76
What is the largest part of the stomach in a mature ruminant herbivore?
rumen
77
How is the stomach of a ruminant herbivore different for a calf?
Calf has a larger abomasum and has a way for milk to go straight into the abomasum by shutting parts off
78
What does the rumen(?) produce?
volatile fatty acids
79
What are the three volatile fatty acids?
Butyrate, propionate, acetate
80
What aids in microbial digestion in the rumen?
bacteria, protozoa, fungi
81
What happens with the volatile fatty acids?
absorbed across rumen wall and into the blood stream, lead to production of ATP
82
What is the formula for Acetic acid?
C2H4O2
83
What is the formula for Propionic acid?
C3H6O2
84
What is the formula for Butyric acid?
C4H8O2
85
What is the order of digestion for ruminants?
mouth, esophagus, stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum), small intestine, large intestine
86
What happens in the ceca?
there are two ceca at junction of large and small intestines for birds; microbial digestion
87
What is the order for the modified monogastric digestive tract?
esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca
88
For what does mouth mastication not occur? What happens instead?
Avians; they have no teeth so they break feed into small sizes with their beak and feet, they also have their gizzard which does mastication
89
What are the parts of the proximal portion of the small intestine? Distal?
duodenum; ilium and jejunum

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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