Marche 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
The only Italian region reffered in plural form?
A
Le Marche
2
Q
Describe le Marche
A
Quitessential central Italian landscape.
Isolated from major auto routs and largely untouched by development
Rolling hills and medieval villages overlooking Adriatic Sea
Long flat coast line
Known for truffles
3
Q
Marchigiani
A
People of Marche
4
Q
What was the original name for Marche
A
Marca a German word meaning border
Appeared in the Middle Ages
Was feudal territory ruled by a “machese (marquis)” forming borders between different kingdoms.
Modern-day the borders considered Holy Roman Empire in this part of central Italy
5
Q
When did Marche acquire its current name
A
1815
6
Q
When and who were the first people to inhabit Marche?
A
1,000 BC
Piceni tribe where their territory included Marche and Abruzzo
7
Q
Who was the 2nd known tribe in Marche?
A
in 4th century BC
Senones (a Celtic-Gallic tribe) from NW Europe crossed the alps and settled in Romagna and northern Marche
Piceni only maintained control of the southern half
8
Q
Who were the 3rd known settlers
A
Between 5th-4th c BC, Greeks from Siracusa founded Ankòn (Modern Acona) and promoted viticulture and wine production
9
Q
What happened in 299BC?
A
Piceni allied with the Romans to defeat the Senones
Romans stayed and settled multiple colonies
Piceni had to submit to the Romans
Viticulture took off with Roman rule
10
Q
What happened after the fall of the Roman empire?
A
Barbarian invastions happened
Viticulture collapsed and only survived the Middle Ages due to monks who improved on the Roman winemaking
11
Q
What is a comuni?
A
Independent cities during the Middle Ages (e.g. Firenze)
These helped to restore viticulture after decline
12
Q
What century did wine making become a feature of Marche?
A
14th century
13
Q
When did Papal sovereignty become complete over Marche?
A
17th Century
14
Q
Who is Andrea Bacci
A
Native of Matelica
Renaissance
Philosopher and naturalist and chief Doctor for Pope Sixtus V
Wrote: “De Naturali Vinorum Historia” - detailed description of viticulture and winemaking of the day. Best in class at the time
15
Q
When did mezzadria** & **coltura promiscuaend in Marche
A
1960s & 1970s
Introduction of 1st DOC and outside investment began to modernize the wine industry
16
Q
Who is Francesco Scacchi?
A
Doctor and Marche native
wrote “De Salubri Potu Dissertatio” in 1622
It provided instructions on how to obtain fizzy wines through re-fermentation in the bottle.
Considered the 1st example of Italian sparkling wines
17
Q
Marche geological breakdown (hills, plains, mountains)
A
Marche is entirely composed of Hills and Mountains
200km from NW to SE
Completely lacks any substantive plains
31% Mountains
69% Hills
West is Central Apennines with peaks 2,000m
18
Q
What is the highest peak in Marche
A
Monti Sibillini
SW corner of Marche in Apennines (one of the highest)
& highest in Marche
19
Q
Where does Marche rank in hilliest regions of Italy?
A
2nd behind Umbria
20
Q
Where are vineyards found in Marche?
A
30km wide band of hills that encompasses 2/3 of the entire region.
Majority of vineyards are here.
21
Q
What isw il gomito d’Italia?
A
Elbow of Italy in Marche where the coast shifts from Ancona to Monte Cònero
22
Q
Most important rivers in Marche
A
Foglia
Metauro
Misa
Esino
Potenza
Chienti
Aso
Tronto
23
Q
What is the climate of Marche?
A
Mediterranean
Become more continental moving inland to Central Apennines
Mountains trump sea influence with altitude
Greater season and diurnal variations
Adds to success of white grapes
24
Q
Marche Topograpghy
A
3 Diagonal bands all running 200km NW to SE
- Western Band (31% of territory) - Mountains - Central Apennines - 31% includes Monti Sibillini - SW corner is one of the highest over 2,000m
2. Middle Band - 20-30km wide: Hills - 69%
- Narrow Eastern Band - Coastline - very narrow and flat - sandy, gravely beaches - Monte Cònero provides stunning vistas - Monte Cònere near Ancona on the sea
25
What are the soils of Marche?
3 Different Groupings
1. **Inland**, near **Matelica** & **Serrapettrona** - medium to high elevation - **sandstone, marl and clay**
2. **Closer Coast Hills** (**Pesaro** & **Urbino**, Catelli di Jesi, Ancona, Macerata, Offida and Ascoli Picerno) - **Calcareous Clay**
**3. Coastal Hills -** Pesaro to San Benedetto del Tronto - **Clay, Sandy-gravelly marine sediments**
26
Marche Percentage of Red and White
50%+ red / 50%- white
27
Marche Grape Varieties
**Sagiovese** 21%
Montepulciano 19%
**Verdicchio** 13%
Biancame 6%
Trebbiano Toscano 4%
Passerina 4%
Malvasia Bianca Lunga 3%
Pecorino 3%
28
What are the 3 most widely planted grapes accounting for 50% of Marche production
**Sagiovese, Montepulciano, Verdicchio**
29
How much to Marche's native grapes account for plantings?
**Native grapes** are over **27**% for the **majority** of plantings in Marche (more than Sangiovese at 21%)
30
How common are International Varieties?
Play a **minor role** with only 5% plantings
31
Sangiovese & Montepulciano in Marche
Often in blends together
**Sangiovese** provides **acidity** and **sour cherry**
**Montepulciano** - more dominant in the south.
Blended typically Deep Ruby, Fruity, Red Cherry
Full Body, High Alcohol, Thick, Ripe Tannins
32
Lacrima di Morro d'Alba
Native to the town in **Ancona** province
Almost extinct in 20th c, but saved by **Stefano Mancinelli**
**Dark Ruby with purple highlights**
**Intense perfume rose, violets, wild berries, spice**
**Refreshing acidity, Balances tannins**
Can be used for ***passito***
33
**Vernaccia Nera**
Some believe it is identical to **Cannonau**
Or native to Serraperrona (where it has limited planting)
***Unrelated to V di San Gimignano of V di Oristano***
Used for distinctive **sparkling** wines - dry and **passito** versions
**Deep Color, RIch & Full Bodied**
**Red Flowers (Rose & Violet), Black Fruit**
34
Who saved Lacrima from extinction?
**Stefano Mancinelli**
and the creation of Lacrima di Morro (1985)
35
**Verdicchio**
Marche's most important grape and Italy's **noble** variety
***Identical to Trebbiano di Soave (Veneto) arriving in 15th c***
**Verde - Green referring to the skin color and wines**
**Floral and Citrus, Minneral, Almond finish**
**Well structured, High, Bracing Acidity, High ABV**
**Can age to complex with Flint and Kerosene**
Affinity for oak but can be aged in neutral vessels
36
**Passerina**
Ancient **white** grape from central **Adriatic** coast
***Marche boast largest area***
Floral, Ripe Citrus, Tropical Fruit
High Acidity means it is suitable for sparkling or sweet passito
High yielding leading to names like
***Pagadebito (pays the debts) Cacciodebit (chase the debts) Uva d'Oro - golden grape***
37
**Pecorino**
Native to Tronto River near Monti Sibilini
Widely planted up to 19th c, 1980s **Guido Cocci Grifoni** brought back to life
**Early ripening, Hardy grape, Modest and Irregular Yields**
**Performs well at high altitudes**
**Ripens with High Sugar balanced by High natural Acidity, M-H ABV**
**Herbal, CItrus, Mineral, Structured**
Similar to **SavBlanc**
38
Describe Viticulture in Marche
1950s/60s started moving to modern vine growing trained in ***Doppio Capovolto & tendone***
1980s - 2nd wave of regeneration - higher density and trained Guyot *or **Cordone Speronato (tendone has disappeared)***
39
What is the % of organic wine (***viticoltura biologica***) making in Marche?
**20% of vineyards are farmed organically**
Represents **7% of Italy's organic wine growing**
40
What is Marche's wine production?
**17,000 ha**
**2% Italy**
41
How many DOC & DOCG?
What is the production percentage for DOC/G and IGT?
**DOC - 15**
**DOCG - 3**
DOC/G - 35%
IGT - 30%
Bulk is rest without origin
42
What is the ***Istituto Marchigiano di Tutela Vini***
IMT is an umbrella consorzio (**1999**)
Represents 16 appellations (4 DOCG) in **Pesaro-Urbino, Ancoa & Macerata**
For Northern & Central Marche (800+ winers and **45% of total area under vine & 90% of wine exports**)
43
What are the Northern Marche Appellations
**Bianchello del Metauro** - White wine only (**1969**)
**Pergola DOC** - known for atypical wines and Roman gilded statues - **local grape Aleatico Grape**
**Colli Pesaresi DOC -** covers entire northern winegrowing Romagna to Ancona - **local grape Albanella**
44
What is the ancient and traditional Northern Marche wine specialty called?
**Visciola** using **Vernaccia di Pergola** or Montepulciano using ***VISCIOLE*** a local, wild cherry
45
Describe Monte Cònero
aka **Monte d'Acona** - highest and most spectacular cliff on eastern seaboard
572m in altitude
**1 of 2 most important promontories on Adriatic**
46
**Cònero Riserva DOCG**
**Rosso Cònero DOC**
Around Monte Cònero coastal, hilly includes Acona
**Here is where Marche transitions from Sangiovese to Montepulcianothe**
**2 appellations exactly cover the same space**
Montepulciano 85%+
**DOC**: 15% ***other*** red, ***no madatory ageing***
**DOCG**: 15% max **_Sangiovese_**, **_2 years Ageing_**
**Seen as a Cru**
47
**Lacrima di Morro DOC**
**Lacrima grape min 85%, Usually 100%**
Some add small % of Montepulciano
Intensely aromatic, fresh fruity, Rose, Violet, Berry, Spice, Medium Body, Firm Tannins
Stainless Steel, unoaked
***Superiore, Passito***
***Gentle, rolling hills, 25k from Adriatc*** *aro*und Morro d’Alba
Clay
48
Who introduced the famous green Etruscan amphorae bottle for Verdicchio?
**Fazi Battaglia in 1953**
49
How was **Verdicchio** traditionaly made prior to 1950s.
Made with **skin contact** resulting in **textured**, **deeply** **pigmented**, full body and **oxidative** wines with bitter finish.
50
When did **Castelli di Jesi achieve DOC** status?
**1969**
51
Who were **Verdicchio** producers in 1980s focused on quality?
**Bocci**
**Garofoli**
**Sartarelli**
**Colonnara**
**Umani Ronchi**
Lowered yields and crafted distinctive and **long-lived Verdicchios**.
52
Describe the wine growing area of **Castelli di Jesi**
Extends **eastward** from the foothills of Central Apennines
**NE** is 16km from sea
**Misa River in the North**
**Esino River in the South**
**Esino River Valley is the Classico area**. Vineyards are 80-550m ASL, most found at 80-300m
53
What are the climatic influences in Castelli di Jesi
Adriatic and Central Apennines
More **Mediterranean** in the NE closer to the sea
Becomes more **continental inland** as elevation increases
**Grapes are picked earlier in warmer regions**
54
Who is Frederick II
Holy Roman Emperor during the Middle Ages
**Granted Jesi with "special rights"**
It grew in power and gained villages called ***castelli because of hilltop fortifications.***
***Today includes 22 villages, 20 in Ancona and 2 in Macerata***
55
**Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC**
**Min 85% Verdicchio (now mostly 100%)**
With **Malvasia Bianca Lunga &/or Trebbiano Toscano**
Entry level wines to be consumed young
**Leafy Green, Mineral, Almond finish**
56
**Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi Classico Superiore DOC**
Superiore can only be applied to **classico** sub-zone
Criteria - lower yield, higher ABV
**Often single vineyards or parcels**
**More structured and Fuller Body**
**Unoaked with complexity as ageing**
57
**Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi _Passito_ DOC**
Smallest production in this DOC
Balances richness with **Noble Rot with bitterness of air-dried Verdichhio**
58
**Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi Spumante DOC**
Spumante is a minor category in DOC
## Footnote
**Tank or Traditional method**
59
**Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG**
Stricter production rules
**Higher ABV 12.5% v 11.5%**
Lower max yields
**18 months ageing / min 6m in bottle (Oak small or Botti)**
Best grapes from **single vineyard** or parcel
**Fuller, More textured, High Acidity, Minerality**
**With Age, Candied Fruit, Bread, Marzipan and Smoke**
60
***Menzioni Geografiche Aggiuntive***
**MGAs or additional official geographical designations that can be listed on the labels of ceratin DOC or DOCG**
61
How many MGAs are associated with Verdichhio?
**99 MGAs**
62
**Describe Matelica**
**History:** Matelic is an ancient town in Central Marche dates to the time of Piceni, Verdichhio started in 1579 here
**Location:** SW of Jesi and 20km from Umbria located in the **Camertina Valley in the Central Apennines**
**Production:** 300 ha under vine with same quality as Jesi
**Topology: Hills are 250-700m elevation - vines planted 280-480m**
**Climate:** uniform and differs from Jesi - higher altitude, cooler and more Continental, more rainfall, longer growing season and later harvest
**Style:** uniform growing conditions make uniform wines. Higher acidty and Citrus, Mineral than Jesi
63
**Verdicchio di Matelica DOC**
Min 85% **Verdicchio**, often 100%
***Cover exact same geographic area as Riserva***
Blending permitted
**Honey, Wheat Berry, Grain, Orange Peel, sometimes Petrol**
*Spumante, Passito, No superiore*
64
**Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOC**
**Min 85% Verdicchi**o, often 100%, Blending permitted
Required - min 12.5% ABV, lower yield, 18 months
**Honey, Wheat Berry, Grain, Orange Peel, sometimes Petrol**
***Cover exact same geographic area as DOC***
65
Describe **Serrapetrona**
**Description:** Tiny hilltop village at foothills of **Apennines** 50km from sea
**Climate:** Has cool, continental-influenced climate
**Soil:** Clay and Marl
66
**Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOC**
**Min 85% Vernaccia Nera,** 100% Vernaccia
**10 months ageing**
**Still, Dry wines**
Rich Full Body, Tannic, Well Structured
Some made from from dried grapes
67
**Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG**
Min **85% Vernaccia Nera**, usually 100%
**ONLY PRODUCES SPARKLING - One of smallest DOCG**
Min 40% grapes dried grapes (appassimento)
***Dry or Sweet***
**_3 Fermentations_**
1. Fresh grapes
2. Semi Dried
3. 1&2 blended then fermented usuallytank
68
Describe **Offida** Winegrowing Area
**Location:** Southeastern Marche near **Piceno** about 25km from the Coast
**Description:** Ancient Village atop a rocky cliff between **Tesino** River and **Tronto** River
**Soils: Clay** except for coast which is **sandy** and **gravel**
**Climate:** Coast versus Island
69
**Offida Pecorino DOCG**
**Min 85% Pecorino**, usually 100%
## Footnote
**Considered Best of District**
**White, Floral, Citrus, Stone, Tropical Fruit with light Herbal**
**Structured, Mineral, Savory, High Acitiy, Medium - High ABV**
70
**Offida Rosso DOCG**
**Min 85% Montepulciano**
**24 months / 12 months on oak / 3 months in bottle**
Small (up to 15%) CabSav
***_Used to only require 50% Montepulciano and min 30% CabSav (2011) no longer mandatory_***
71
**Offida Passerina DOCG**
Min 85% ***Passerina***, usually 100%
## Footnote
**White, Floral & Fruity, Pineapple, Ripe Citrus, Pear, Apple**
**Crisp Acidity, Pronounced Minerality**
72
**Terre di Offida DOC**
Min 85% **Passerina**
## Footnote
***Only Spumante, Passito or Vin Santo***
73
**Rosso Piceno DOC**
**Created 1968**
***Marche's 2nd largest DOC in terms of volume***
**Flexible** 35-85% Montepulciano, 15-50% Sangiovese, 15% other approved black grapes
**Light Styles** - more Sangiovese
**Fuller** - more Montepulciano
74
**Rosso Piceno Superiore DOC**
**Official subzone, considered best**
Smaller / more restrictive zone / production eg lower yield, high
**Cannot be released before Nov 1 year following harvest**
*Used to be Sangiovese focused but **Disciplinaire** switched to Montepulciano*
75
**Marche IGT**
**Covers entire region**, several high quality bottles are made varietal **Montepulciano**, **Sangiovese** and blends of traditional and international grapes
76
**Olive d'Acolana**
A specialty of **Ascoli Province** in March
**Olives stuffed with meat** and **parmesan**, **breaded** and **fried**
77
Why are the rivers important in **Marche**? Name the most important?
Perpendicular to the Ocean and **channels sea breezes** into the interior
## Footnote
**Foglia, Metauro, Misa, Esino, Potenza, Chienti, Aso, Tronto**
78
What is the major difference between **Cònero DOCG and DOC**
**DOCG -** **requires** **Montepulciano** & **Sangiovese**
**DOC** - Only requires **Montepulciano** plus **any approved red grape**
79
Who are the most famous wine producers in **Castelli di Jesi**?
**Bucci**
**Garofoli**
**Sartarelli**
**Colonnara**
**Umani Ronchi**
80
What are the two rivers and foothills associated with **Castelli di Jesi**?
**Misa & Esino Rivers**
Central Apennines foothills
81
Where is the historic growing area of **Castelli di Jesi**?
The **Esino River Valley** - now classico region
82
Where is most classico **Castelli di Jesi produced**?
Almost all entirely south of **Misa River where 2/3rds of the appellations.**
## Footnote
**2,000 ha under vine.**
83
Compare the 4 categories of Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC?
**DOC** - **entry level,** fruity and floral
**Classico Superiore** - from classico sub-zone, stricter rules (lower yield/higher ABV), **Quality**, Structured Fuller Body, Unoaked, Can age
**Passito DOC** - **smallest production**, Best have Noble Rot + Air Dried
**Spumante DOC** - **Minor Category,** Tank or Traditional Method
**Riserva DOCG** - 12.5% ABV, 18month aged, 6 in bottle
84
What is different about the di Jesi **DOC** versus **DOCG**?
Verdicchio name has a different placement in order to emphasize the importance of the DOCG
**DOCG has the best grapes from single vineyards or superior parcels and required 18 months ageing often in oak including 6 months in bottle**
85
How was **Verdicchio** traditionally vinified?
Matured in either neutral large **Botti** or **cement** tanks.
Now more stainless some **oak**.
**DOCG - oak (either botti of small barrel)**
**DOC - use stainless steel tanks**
86
How many MGAs in **Casteli di Jesi DOC/DOCG**
**99 MGAs**
87
Who has a longer and later growing season for Verdicchio and why - **Castelli di Jesi or Matelica**?
**Matelica is in higher elevations with more rainfall which requires a longer growing season and later harvest**
88
What is unique about **Matelica's** climate and geography in relations to Verdicchio?
The **climate** is **homogenous** with a **small** number of **producers** which makes the wine style quite **uniform**.
**Cooler climate** with higher altitude means the wines have more **acidity**, citrus and minerality.
They are also more **restrained** and austere
89
What DOCG is found between the **Tesino** & **Tronto** Rivers?
**Offida DOCG**
90
What is **Rosso Piceno Sangiovese**?
**Marche**
A **Varietal** rosso under Rosso Peceno DOC
91
What is the smallest production of the **Verdicchio dei Casteli di Jesi DOCs**?
**VdCdJ Passito**
92
How many **MGA** are there in Matelica?
**13 MGAs**
93
What are the only styles allowed for **Terre di Offida DOC**?
**Only Spumante, Passito or Vino Santo**
**Using \>85% Passerina**
94
What is the ancient Northern Marche specialty wine called using cherries and Vernacca di Pergola or Montepulciano?
**Viscola**
95
What are the Central Apinnines refered to in Marche?
**Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano**
96
97
What provinces have the largest under vine and production volumes?
**Ancona and Ascoli Piceno**
98
What Marche region only focuses on Reds?
Conero
99
What is the highest cliff on the Italian peninsula?
**Mt Conero**
100
What is the key difference between Rosso Conero and Conero Riserva?
Riserva requires Sangiovese (and oak ageing, restricted yields, higher ABV)
Rosso only requires any red grape
101
What appellation does Castelli di Jesi in the overlap in its northeast and which town is part of the 22 villaged of CdJ?
**Lacrima di Morro DOC**
**Morro d'Alba**
102
How much does Verdicchio Classico take up in CdJ?
Between Misa and Esino rivers
Makes up 2/3 of CdJ total area
103
With 2000 ha under vine which is Marche's largest DOC?
**Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC**
104
Where is Camertina Valley and what appellation is in it?
A valley between Central Apennines and sub-range to the east
## Footnote
**Matelica**
105
What is Terre di Offida DOC based and what styles?
Passerina
Spumante
Passito
Vin Santo
106
Before changing to DOCG what did Offida DOC require?
only 50% Montepulciano and required 30% CabSav (2011 was last vintage)
107
What is the 2nd largest DOC in Marche? What does it produce and where?
**Rosso Piceno**
**RED ONLY**
**Southern Marche on coast**
108
Highest peak in Apennines?
**Mt Sibillini in March SW corner**
**2,000m**
