Toscana 2 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Where does Toscana stand in Italian wine production?
A
4th in areas under vine behind Sicilia, Puglia, Veneto and 7th for production
2
Q
What is the percentage DOC/G, IGT and bulk?
How may DOCGs and DOC?
A
DOC/G 60% / IGT 25% / Bulk 25%
DOCG - 11 / DOC - 41
3
Q
When was Toscana 1st inhabited?
A
2000 bc;
Etruscans were 1st in 9th c BC
They brought advanced know how in wine making including commercial trade for wines starting in 7th c BC
4
Q
What is the name for the road connecting Italy to France?
A
Via Francigena
5
Q
Name the oldest wine making Florentine families in Toscana?
A
Ricasoli - 12th c AD
Frescobaldi - 14th c AD
Antinori - 14th AD
Oldest continually run family wineries
6
Q
What did the small villages morph into in the 12th c AD? And what were the two most prominent towns?
A
Morphed into communi or city-states.
After 13th c AD - Republic of Siena and Republic of Firenze became super powers.
7
Q
Who is the oldest, continuously run family vineyard in Tuscany?
A
Ricasoli - 12th c AD
8
Q
What is the Renaissance in Italia?
A
Rinascimento - marked the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern era
9
Q
What city during the Rinascimento became most important?
A
Firenze
10
Q
Who was the most important family in Rinascimento Firenze?
A
Medici family
Defeated Sienna in 1555 AD
FIrenze declared Grand Duchy of Toscana
Cosimo d’Medici became 1st Grand Duke (ruled until 1730)
11
Q
What was Grand Duke Cosimo de’Medici’s claim to fame?
A
Issued the Bando in 1716 which protected Toscana wines.
4 Delimited Geographic Boundaries
Chianti
Pomino
Carmignano &
Val d’Arno di Sopra
Tried to protect names and reputation from being produced elsewhere
12
Q
What, where and when was the 1st attempt to introduce delimitation on wine making regions?
A
Firence, Toscana
The Bando (Edict) in 1716 to Protect Chianti, Pomino, Carmignano and Val d’Arno di Sopra
13
Q
What is the Accademi dei Georgofili?
A
1753, Founded in Firenze - goal to improve and advance agriculture in Toscana
It is still active
14
Q
Who was the 1st Tuscan to write about Oenology?
A
Cosimo Villifranch
Florentine physician & scholar
Published “Oenologia Toscana”
1st Accurate work about enology in Toscana
15
Q
What happened to Grand Duchy of Toscana after the Medici reign ended without an heir?
A
Was assigned to the House of Lourraine of France 1737
Eventually became the Kingdom of Sardegna
16
Q
When did phylloxera hit Toscana?
A
1920s
17
Q
What is Mezzadria and what is its significance
A
Share cropping - Agriculture system since 9th c BA
Abolished by Italy in 1960s.
Was devestating for wine industry since there was not the work force to help the vineyards.
18
Q
What is the name of the island chain Elba belongs?
A
Toscana Archipelago
19
Q
How is Tuscany divided?
A
3 main areas
- Alta Maremma - Northern Toscana MAremma
- Meremma Grossetana - Southern Toscana Maremma or the “real Maremma”
- Maremma Laziale
20
Q
What was Maremma like prior to 20th century?
A
Was swampy, malaria infested land
Reclaimed in 20th century
21
Q
What is considered the “true” Meremma
A
Southern Tuscany Maremma or
Maremma Grossentana
22
Q
What is the climate of Toscana?
A
Transition point on the peninsula between Continental Climate of Padana Plain
and
Mediterranean in Central and Southern Italy
Ligura/Tyrrhenian Sea exert Mediterranean influence which decrease inland
Apennines in North protect from cool northern air currents and a rain barrier making coastal and central/southern drier.
Large number of macro & meso-climates with sea and altitude influences
23
Q
What are the wettest and driest months in Toscana?
A
July is driest, November wettest
24
Q
Where are the wettest areas of Toscana?
A
Apennines and Apuan Alps (1,400-20,00mm of rain)
25
What are the **driest** parts of Italy?
& Why?
**Maremma**
Elba; Crete Senesi; Parts of Val d'Orcia; East Val di Chiana; All in Central / Southern Toscana
600-800mm
***Corsica blocks humid air from west and SW.***
26
What are winters like in Toscana?
Snow in Apennines and sometimes in the central hills and valleys
Late **frost** can pose a risk until April inland.
27
Where can the highest temperatures be found?
Tuscan coast in southern Maremma (15C)
Have **less** **annual** and **diuranl** range than inland
28
What are the main rivers in Toscana? And which is the largest?
Arno
Ombrone
Orcia Rivers
**Arno is the largest flowing through Firenze, Pisa**
29
In general what are the soils of Toscana?
Clay, limestone, sandstone
Crumbly nature is represented in the rolling hills
**Galestio:** metamorphic rock found in **Toscana** (**Chianti** **Classico**, **Rufina**, **Montalcino**) - crumby schist-like rock with sharp edges and flakes easily
**Alberese -** fine-grained calacareous marl in central and southern **Chianti Classico** around Castellina
30
What type of soil is found around **Castellina**?
**Alberese** - fine-grained marl
31
What type of soil is found around Chianti Classico, Rufina and Montalcino?
**Galestro -** metamorphic rock, crumbly clavey, schist like
32
What areas border Toscana?
Liguria, Emilia-Romanga, Marche, Umbria, Lazio
33
Which statement is false?
a. Coscia blocks Toscana from humid air from the west
b. Drought can be a problem in Maremma
c. The Adriatic Sea greatly influences Toscana's climate
d. The Apennines protect northern Toscana from cool air currents
C. **Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Seas influence Toscana**
34
What are the soils of Montalcino?
**Galestro** - metamorphic, schist like rock
35
What is the % of red/white grapes grown in Toscana?
**Red** - 80%
**White** - 20%
36
What is Toscana's most widely planted variety?
**Sangiovese** over 60%
37
What is the 2nd most planted red in Toscana?
**Merlot**
38
What is the 2nd most important native/traditional red in Toscana?
**Canaiolo Nero**
39
What are the most important **white** grapes of Toscana?
**Trebbiano Toscano**
Malvasia Lunga Bianca
Vernaccia di San Gimignano
Ansonica (Inzolla)
40
What are the important international red grapes?
**Merlot**
CabSab
Syrah
41
What are the international white grapes planted?
**Chardonnay**
SavBlanc
Pinot Grigio
42
What does Vernaccia mean?
And what are the 2 most important varieties?
Vernaccia belied to be from the Roman Latin "*vernaculus*" = **indigenous/native,** relates to unrelated grape varieties
## Footnote
**Vernaccia di San Gimignano & Vernacciadi Oristano**
43
What are reds/whites
a. Canaiolo
b. Vernaccia di San Gimignano
c. Trebbiano Toscano
d. Sangiovese
e. Vernaccia di Oristano
a. Red
b. White
c. White
d. Red
e. White
44
What are the typical training systems and vine density in Toscana?
***Archetto** (variation of Guyot)*
***Cordone Speronato** (Cordon spur)*
***Guyot***
*5,000-7,000 p ha*
45
What were the wines traditinoal used to soften Sangiovese High Acidity/High Tannins?
**Canaiolo Nero**
Colorino
Mammolo
Malvasia Nera
and white grapes Malvasia/Trebbiano
46
When did **single** varietal Sangiovese appear in Toscana?
**1960/70s**
47
What vessel were traditional Tuscan reds matured? What is today's practice?
Slavonian **oak** or **chestnut**
New French barriques (80/90s)
Today **botti** since 2000
Many producers combine both small and botti as well as new oak
48
What is the IGT of Toscana?
**Toscano IGT**
Accounts for **30%** of the red (almost all the IGT production)
Includes **Super Tuscans**
**One of Italy's largest by volume and value**
49
Where does Toscana rank for DOC/G, DOCG, DOCs?
**DOC/G** - 1. Piemonte, **2 Toscana**, 3 Veneto
**DOCG** - 1. Piemonte, 2. Veneto, **3. Toscana**
**DOC**: 1. Piemonte, **2. Toscana,** 3. Veneto
50
Who are two people credited with shaping Toscana's modern winemaking
**_Giulio Gambelli_ -**"il maestro assaggiatore" Master Taster - Brunellos (Poggio di Sotto, Montevertines, Solderas)
**_Giacomo Tachis_ -** Sassicaia
**Particular to red wines**
51
What are Super Tuscans
Unofficial category for high quality, expensive red wines starting in 1960/70s
Started as ***Vino da Tavola*** lowest quality category before they received DOC status
International varieties usnig French Oak
52
What was considered the epicenter of Super Tuscans and why?
**Chianto Classico** region
The drive was a dissatisfaction with the obsolete and inflexible Chianti Classico rules (eg mandatory white grapes)
Forced dramatic changes to Classico and other subzones.
53
**Antinori's Tignanello & Felice's Vigorello** are considered what?
**Super Tuscans**
54
What is the Goria Law?
in 1992, new Italian wine law introducing IGT for Super Tuscan
55
Who are some of the Super Tuscan Producers?
**Sassicaia** - Bolgheri Sassicaia
**Antinori** - Tignanello
**Isole e Olena** - Cepparello
**Flaccianello della Pieve** - Colli Toscana Central
**Agricola Querciabella** - Camartina
56
What is Vin Santo?
A passito, mostly white, wine famous in Toscana
Dates to Middle Ages (Greek and Roman origins)
**Trebbiano Toscano & Malvasia Bianca Lunga**
**Trebbiano** = Acidity / **Malvasia** = body, texture, perfume
57
How is Vin Santo dried?
**Appassimento** - healthy grapes picked
Dry on racks or straw with aerated lofts or hang
Concentrates sugars and flavors
Duration varies fro Style and DOC rules
**Left until December or as late as March**
Sometimes noble rot (**muffa nobile**)
58
Is Tuscany suitable for Nobel Rot?
Generally no
59
What are ***caratelli*** (caretello) and how are they used?
Dense sugar must for Vin Santo used to ferment and long maturation for the wine and put in ***caratelli*** which are **usually 50l barrels** made from chestnut, oak, acacia, juniper or cherry
These are old barrels stored in ***vinsantie*** no airconditioning subject to temperature fluctuations (fermentation stops in summer and winter too hot/cold)
60
What are ***vinsantie***
Lofts or rooms storing caratelli full of Vin Santo with **no AC** subject to temperature fluctuations (fermentation stops in summer and winter too hot/cold)
61
What is **Madre**?
Used to initate fermentation
**Wine soakd lees** after racking a caratello
New grape juice is kickstarted with Madre.
Older Vin Santo and lees helps new grape juice create character
62
What is the problem with traditional Vin Santo production and how have producers modernized?
Can be **unpredicatble** since caratello's are effectively **each unique**
Use ambient or cultured yeast to control the process and small oak barrels
Makes less distinctive and complex wines compared to traditional
63
What are the sweetness levels of Vin Santo?
Secco (dry) - very uncommon
Abboccato (Medium Dry)
Amabile (Medium Sweet)
Dolce (Sweet)
64
Difference between **Vin** Santo and **Vino** Santo
Not the same
Vin Santo - **Toscana** = **Trebbiano + Malvasia**
Different approach and DOC rules
vs
Vino Santo - **Terntino** = **Nosiola grape**
Always sweet and lower alcohol
65
What is *Governo*?
Wine making technique to soften **Sangiovese**
66
Toscana's Super Tuscan movement....
a. raised the general standards of Toscana's wines
b. forced the drastic modifications to regulations
c. was a huge commercial success
d. all of the above
**d. all of the above**
67
Which statement is false?
a. longer ageing increases Vin Santo's concentration and complexity
b. Vin Santo is usually racked at least 5 times while ageing
c. Vin Santo may produce in varioud levels of sweetness
d. Vin Santo loses up to 50% of its volume after ageing
**b. They are racked once**
68
What does Vin Santo mean?
**Holy Wine**
69
How full are caratello's filled with Vin Santo?
**4/5ths of total volume**
70
What is a typical ageing period for the Vin Santo DOCs?
Usually 2-3 years, but generally they are aged longer for more complex flavors
71
Between which two cities is Chianti Classico situated?
**Firenze & Siena**
72
White grapes are allowed in the Chianti Classico DOCG. True or false?
**False**
Must be made from a minimum 80% Sangiovese (usually 100%) with a maximum 20% from legally sanctioned red grape (**Canaiolo, Colorino, Merlot or CabSav**)
73
What is the sub-zone of Chianti DOCG that lies on the outskirts of Firenze?
**Colli Fiorentini**
74
Montepulciano is the dominant grape variety in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG. True or false?
False it is **Sangiovese** not to be confused with the **Marche** grape
75
What is the 'second' wine of Carmignano?
**Barco Reale di Carmignano DOC**
76
Bolgheri Sassicaia is based on Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. True or false?
It is minimum 80% CabSav **and Cabernet Franc**
## Footnote
**Most are 85/15%**
77
Name Toscana's most widely planted grape
**Sangiovese**
78
What is the **southernmost** sub-zone of Chianti DOCG?
**Colli Senesi**
79
What is the 'second' wine of Montalcino?
**Rosso di Montalcino DOC**
80
Is Aleatico a red or white grape variety?
**Red**
81
Is Toscana predominantly planted to red or white grapes?
**80% red planting and 90% red production**
82
Name the only DOCG appellation on Elba Island
**Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG**
83
What is the latest category introduced in the **Chianti Classico DOCG**?
**1. Gran Selezione -** (since 2013 for 2010 vintage and beyond) - 13% ABV (30 months; 3 in bottle - lab tested)
**2. Chianti Classico Riserva -** 12.5% ABV (24 months ageing; 3 in bottle)
**3. Chianti Classico (annata)** 12% ABV (Oct 1st year after harvest)
84
The Super Tuscans is an official category within the Italian DOC/G system. True or false?
**No they are not. Most are under IGT**
85
In France Trebbiano Toscano is known as …
**Ugni Blanc**
86
Bolgheri Sassicaia is a sub-zone of Bolgheri DOC. True or false?
**No it is a separate unique subzone**
87
**Chianti DOCG** allows for the use of max 30% of white grapes. True or false?
**False. Whites cannot exceed 10%**
88
How many bottles of wine does Chianti DOCG produce?
**Over 100 million**
89
Chianti DOCG overlaps Chianti Classico DOCG. True or false?
**False. Chianti DOCG covers and area that surround Chianti Classico DOCG**
90
What is Toscana's principal dry white wine?
**Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG**
91
What is the name of the **rosato** wine produced in **Carmignano**?
**Vin Ruspo**
92
What does '*Coltura Promiscua*' mean?
**Mixed Crop Cultivation**
93
The **Montepulciano DOCG** is located to the east of Montalcino. True or false?
True
94
Name Toscana's most widely white grape variety
Trebbiano Toscano
95
What is the largest of the central Italian regions.
**Toscana**
96
By law **Morellino di Scansano DOCG** is made from 100% Sangiovese. True or false?
**False - only 85% Sangiovese (Morellino) is required**
97
Which grape is a natural cross between **Ciliegiolo** and **Calabrese Montenuovo**?
**Sangiovese -** though debated whether Ciliegiolo is actually an offspring of Sangiovses. And some studies suggest it may be Negrodolce rather than Calabrese Montenuovo
98
Initially the Super Tuscans were bottled under which quality category?
**Vino da Tavola**
99
Vin Santo is usually made from Trebbiano Toscano and Vernaccia di San Gimignano. True or false?
**False**
**Typically Trebbiano and Malvasia Bianca Lunga are used as a blend where Trebbiano adds acidity, Malvasia provides perfume, body and texture**
100
What is a pink Vin Santo called?
**Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice (Partrdge Eye)**
**Made from red grapes usually Sangiovese**
101
What is Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice (Partrdge Eye) typically made from?
**Sangiovese**
102
Suvereto DOCG is located to the south-east of Bolgheri DOC. True or false?
True
103
What is the local name for Sangiovese in **Montepulciano**?
**Prugnolo Gentile**
104
Which was the first Italian wine to receive DOC status?
**Vernaccia di San Gimignano (1966)**
**And zone of production within boundaries of Chianti and Chianti Colli Senesi DOCG**
105
What Tuscan DOC is renowned for its signature varietal **Syrah**?
**Cortona DOC**
106
Vin Santo can only be produced from white grapes. True or false?
**False. Typically it is Trebbiano and Malvasia**
**But pink Vin Santo can be made from red grapes typically Sangiovese**
107
Vino Santo is a traditional specialty of Toscana. True or false?
**False - Vin Santo is from Tuscany**
**Vino Santo is from Trentino**
108
Name Toscana's easternmost appellation
**Cortona DOC**
109
Brunello di Montalcino can be declassified to Rosso di Montalcino DOC. True or false?
True
110
How many sub-zones are in the Chianti DOCG? And what are they
Seven
Rufina
Colli Fiorentini
Colli Aretini
Colline Pisane
Montalbano
Montespertoli
Colli Sensei
111
What is the historic symbol of the Chianti Classico DOCG wines?
Gallo Nero Black Rooster
112
What designation represents the top of the Chianti Classico pyramid?
**Gran Selezione**
113
What is the local name for Sangiovese in the area around Scansano in southern Maremma?
**Morellino**
114
Brunello di Montalcino has the longest ageing requirements after Barolo. True or false?
**False**
**Brunello has the longed ageing requirements in all of Italy**
**4 years (2 years in oak 4 months in bottle)**
115
The mild climatic conditions of Val di Cornia are similar to Bolgheri and therefore quite suitable for Bordeaux grapes. True or false?
**True**
116
Bolgheri DOC can produce red, white and rosé wines. True or false?
**True**
117
Red wines in Bolgheri DOC are usually crafted from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Cabernet Franc. True or false?
True
118
Chianti Classico DOCG can be declassified to Chianti DOCG. True or false?
**False - Chianti DOCG lies outside of Classico**
119
By law Chianti Classico DOCG must be made from 100% Sangiovese. True or false?
**False - 80% Sangiovese minimum**
120
Which sub-zone of Chianti DOCG is considered to produce some of the most distinctive wines in the appellation?
**Rufina**
121
The Tuscan caratelli are wooden barrels traditionally used to mature red wines. True or false?
**False - used for Vin Santo**
122
In Carmignano DOCG Sangiovese is traditionally blended with a small proportion of what grape/s?
Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Cabernet Franc
123
Brunello is a grape variety that is related but different than Sangiovese. True or false?
**False - Brunello is Sangiovese**
124
Match the appellation with an accurate description
Montecarlo DOC - Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC - Bolgheri DOC
1. Initially created for whites and rosatos
2. Single Estate Appellation
3. Longstanding renown for Trebbiano Based wines
**Montecarlo** DOC - Longstanding renown for Trebbiano Based wines
**Bolgheri Sassicaia** DOC - Single Estate Appellation
**Bolgheri** DOC - Initially created for whites and rosatos
125
What are the famous Bolgheri DOC estates?
Grattamacco
Tenuta dell'Orenellaia
Le Macchiole
Michel Santa
Ca' Marcanda
Guado al Tasso
126
What are the famous Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC estates?
Tenuta San Guido
127
What does Sassicaia mean?
Sassi = stone
Generally means stony, gravely soil
128
Elba Aleatico Passito is a sweet red wine T/F
True
129
Match appellation
Montecucco DOC - Morellino di Scansano DOCG - Maremma DOC
1. Always a Sangiovese varietal
2. Separated from Montalcino by Orcia River
3. Covers the entire Grosseto Province
**Montecucco** DOC - Separated from Montalcino by Orcia River
**Morellino di Scansano** DOCG - Always a Sangiovese varietal
**Maremma** DOC - Covers the entire Grosseto Province
130
Which statements are correct?
a. Cortona is Toscana's easternmost DOC
b. Cortona growing area has marked diurnal temperature swings
c. Cortona receives the most rainfall in all of Toscana
d. Corton is Toscana's only appellation for Sagratino
e. Varietal Chardonnay can be made under Cortona DOC
a, b, e
**Cortona's signature grape is Syrah**
131
Which statements are correct
a. Montalcino produced whites wines from Moscatoin the 16th century
b. Brunello is unrelated to Sangiovese
c. Wines called Brunello have been sold commercially since the Middle ages
d. The formation of a cooperative saved Montalcino's vineyards after phylloxera struck
e. The original Brunello di Montalcino disciplinair was based on practices adopted by Tancredi Biondi-Santi
a, d, e
b - **Brunello is Sangiovese**
**c. Brunello was only mentioned as early as 18th c AD**
132
Describe Montalcino's area
Wingrowing is a 15km square
133
Describe Montepulciano
1. Cooler termperatures with less Med influence
2. Lies on Umbrian border
3. Homogeneous, characteristically sandy soils
134
Match Montalcino with accurate description:
1. Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
2. Rosso di Montalcino DOC
3. Brunello di Montalcino Riserva DOCG
a. minimum 4 years aging
b. wood aging is not madatory
c. minimum 5 years aging
1. Brunello di Montalcino DOCG - 4 years minimum
2. Rosso di Montalcino DOC - no wood
3. Brunello di Montalcino Riserva DOCG - 5 years
135
Match Montalcino subzone with description
**City of Montalcino**
**Torrenieri**
**Tavernelle**
**Sant'Angelo Scalo**
a. warmest, driest
b. NE corner with cooler climate, clay soils
c. Original historic winegrowing area
d. Stony calcareous soils at medium altitude
City of Montalcino - Original historic winegrowing area
Torrenieri - NE corner with cooler climate, clay soils
Tavernelle - Stony calcareous soils at medium altitude
Sant'Angelo Scalo -warmest, driest
136
The Carmignan winegrowing area is almost entirely overlapped by which appellation?
**Chianti Montalbano DOCG**
137
What is Chianti Storico?
**The original zone of production delineated in the 14th century**
138
What villages are included in Chianti Classico DOCG
Gaiole
Castellina
Radda
139
Where is Toscana were Carbernet grapes 1st planted?
Carmignano
140
Which statement is false
a. Soils of Vernaccia di San Gimignano are volcanic
b. Vernaccia di San Gimignano was traditionally fermented with skin contact
c. San Gimignano is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
d. Vernaccia di San Gimignano was Italy's 1st DOC
Vernaccia di San Gimignano soils are marine in origin with yellow sand, yellow clay and calcareous marls
141
What is Vin Ruspo
A Rosato produced in Carmignano
142
What is the grape of Cortona DOC?
Syrah
143
Which appellation is not based on Sangiovese?
a. Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG
b. Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
c. Bolgheri DOCG
d. Montecucco DOC
C. Bolgheri DOCG
144
Which area does not have Galestro Soils?
a. Montalcino
b. Chianti Classico
c. Scansano
d. Rufina
C. Scansaon which has light alluvial to sand and silt
145
Which statement is false?
a. Chianti Classico has one of Italy's lowest mandated yields
b. White varieties can be included in the Chianti Classico blend
c. Chianti Classico from higher sites tends to be elegant and perfumed
d. Chianti Classico can contain 100% Sangiovese
b. white varieties are not allowed
146
Which of the following sub-zones are considered to produce the highest quality of wine?
a. Motalbano, Colli Aretini, Colli Senesi
b. Montespertoli, Rufina, Colline Pisane
c. Colli Fiorentini, Collie Senesi, Clline Pisane
d. Colli Senesi, Rufina, Colli Fiorentini
**d. Colli Senesi, Rufina, Colli Fiorentini**
147
Montalcion has historically been 100% Sangiovese, why?
a. higher elevations precluded other grapes from being planted there
b. wamer climate allows the grapes to achieve full ripeness consistently
c. Tradtion, Sangiovese has been the main grape for Montalcino for 600 years
d. Sangiovese is the only grape that grows well in the local granic soils.
**b. wamer climate allows the grapes to achieve full ripeness consistently**
**c. Sangiovese has only been around since 18th c AD**
148
Which appellation is most associated with the ***governo*** wine making technique?
a. Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG
b. Bogheri Sassicaia DOC
c. Rosso di Montalcino DOC
d. Chianti DOCG
d. Chianti DOCG
149
How are Toscana's appellations divided?
Those on or near the coastl (Liguria to Lazio)
Those inland.
150
How is the Coastline sub-divided?
**4 subdivisions**
**1. Northern Tuscan - Liguria to Lucc**a
2. **Northern Tuscan Maremma** - Livorno to Piombino "**Costa degli Etruschi**" Cost of Etruscans (includes Sassicaia
3. **Southern Tuscan Maremma** - "**Maremma Grossetana**" or just Maremma
4. **Elba** - 3td biggest island 10k of coast between Ligurian & Tyrrhenian Sea
151
Where is Montecarlo and what is special about it?
Near Lucca and vines have grown there since the 9th c AD
Renown for its Trebbiano- based wines during 15/16th c
Everything changed in 1870 with intro of French grapes (including red)
152
What is unique about Montecarlo DOC?
**North Coast Tuscany**
**Trebbiano (30-60%) based which must have at least 3 French white grapes**
**Pinot Bianco, Semillon, SavBlanc, Roussane, Vermentino**
Reds are based on Sangiovese (50-75%) - blended with Canaiolo, Merlo & Syrah (15-40%) plus 1 or more of Ciliegiolo, Colorino, Malvasia Nera di Brindis/Lecce, CabSav & CabFranc (10-30%
Risera 2 years aged
Styles: Vin Santo, Pink Vin Santo and Varietals from Vermentino, Sav, Syrah, CabSav, Merlot
153
What is the only Single Estate DOC in Italy and when was it granted?
Bogheri Sassicaia DOC in 2013
And Bolgheri had zero reputation before the release in the 1970s
154
What was the initial problem & soultion with Sassicaia?
Rochetta's initial plantings in gravel were subpar.
Moved to a more stony, gravelly soil *sassicaia*
*sassi = stones.*
Released 1st vintage in 1968 onto the markets in 1972
*Initially released as **Vino de Tavola and lasted until 1994 ►Bolgheri DOC status ►its own separate Bolgheri Sassicaia 2013***
155
Who helped Bolgheri get on the map, how and when?
Marche's Mario Incisa della Rocchetta moved his estate ***Tenuta San Guido*** to Bolgheri in 1940s
found gravelly soils and planted CabSav/CabFranc
Released in 1970s
156
**Tenuta San Guido**
The only producers of Bolgheris Sassicaia
157
Name the estates of Bolgheri and what they did for the region?
**Grattamacco, Tenuta dell’Ornellaia, Le Macchine, Michele Satta, Ca’ Marcando, Castello di Bolgheri & Cuado al Tasso**
**'80/90s transformed the Bogheri DOC from whites/roses only to an area into a dynamic red wine making.**
158
What are the 2 primary areas in Northern Maremma
**Bolgheri & Val di Cornia**
159
Where did producers start expanding outside of Bolgheri as land prices increased in 1990s?
Val di Cornia - climate is similar to Bordeaux
## Footnote
**DOC focus on whites**
**DOCGs entirely on reds**
160
Where in Toscana does Sangiovese show a riper character with dark cherry and plum fruit?
**Southern Maremma**
161
Why was Montalcino important in wine history?
Been producing wines since Middle Ages
Lies on Via Francigena which helped the local wine industry
Been quality since 16 c AD when wines were made of Moscato (Moscadello) and even exported to England
162
When was the 1st Brunello documented in history?
**1869**
"Vino Rosso Scelto (Brunello) 1865"
Won a silver medal at agri fair in Montalpulciano
163
What does Brunello mean?
***Little Dark One***
164
What is "**Cantina Sociale Biondi Santi e C"**
**This was a coop formed in the 1920s after phylloxers hit Montalcino**
**Founded by Tancredi Biondi great-grandson to Santi**
**Was active until 1944**
165
What was **Brunellogate** (Burenellopoli)?
Feb 2008 - **illegal blending in Montalcino**
A 7 producers blended Sangiovese with other grapes breaking the 100% requirement
Got fined and declassified.
in 2008, some producers proposed to reduce the 100% requirement to 96%. It didnt pass.
166
What are the rivers that almost surround Montalcino?
**Asso River**
**Orcia River**
**Ombrone River**
15km wide "square"
**_Exaclty its municipal area_**
**_Irregular hills and 4 irregular slopes_**
167
What are the Sub-Areas of Montepulciano?
**Western Appellation** - includes hills around **Montepulciano**
**Eastern Appellation** - Encompasses hills surrounding town of **Valiano**
168
What are Sangiovese and Grechetto Bianco known in Montepulciano?
**Prugnolo Gentile**
**Pulcinculo**
169
Where is renown for Vin Santo with some of Italy's best?
**Vin Santo di Montepulciano**
170
Chianti Storico
Geographical zone between Firenze and Sienna
"Historic Chianti"
Represents the original zone of production officially delineated in the 14th Century
171
Chianti Classico
Wines produced in **Chianti Storico (**original 14th c) which falls within **Chianti Classico DOCG**
172
Chianti
Designation that is the result of expansion around Chianti Storico (original 14th Centurty classification)
Expansion occured in 1930s
Wines produced here call within the **Chianti DOCG (outside Chianti Classico) wines are different**
173
What is the Lega del Chianti
League of Chianti 1384 - official act for historical zone of origin
## Footnote
**Chianti Storico (to become Chianti Classico)**
174
What is the Gallo Nero?
Black Rooster the historic symbol of League of Chianti (now for Chianti Classico)
Medieval ledge about hostility between Firenze and Sienna
175
What are **Vino all'uso di Chianti?**
**"Wines of Chianti"**
**Wines produced with the same grapes as Chianti Storico that were made outside historic area**
176
What is the formation of Consorzio
**In 1924, to combat fraud, 33 producers in historic formed the Consorzio to protect image and quality**
**They adopted the Gallo Nero**
**1927 - they formalized the boundaries**
177
**What is the regulation of Chianti's Boundaries?**
In 1934, Italian goernment sought to regulate Chianti's name
Expanded Chianti outside historic but classified them Classico.
Designated the 6 additional subzones
178
How many communes in Chianti Classico?
9
**_Total area in Chianti_**
**Castellina in Chianti**
**Greve in Chianti**
**Radda in Chianti**
**Gaiole in Chianti**
**_Sections in Chianti_**
**Barberino Val d'Elsa**
**Castelnuovo Berardenga**
**Poggibonsi**
**S. Casciano in Val di Pesa**
**Tavernelle Val di Pesa**
179
What is ***macigno?***
Sandstone name in Chianti Classico
180
What are some of the unofficial subzones of Chianti Classico that have produced some distinctive wines?
**Monti**
**Lamole**
**Ruffoli**
**Panzano**
181
What is a Signoria?
**Lordship aka Medicis**
182
What is the largest region in Central Italy?
**Toscana**
183
What are the Vin Santos of Tuscany?
**Vin Santo del Chianti (DOC)**
**Vin Santo del Chianti Classico (DOC)**
**Vin Santo di Carmignano (DOC)**
**Vin Santo di Montepulciano (DOC)**
**Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice (Montecarlo Pink version)**
184
What is the only white DOCG in Toscana?
**Vernaccia di San Gimignano**
185
In 1384, what was did Firenze put in place to establish the 1st boundaries in Chianti Storico (Classico)?
**Lega del Chianti**
186
What are Vino all'uso di Chianti?
**Wines produced with the same grapes, formula and manner outside of Chianti Storico.**
187
What boxes Chianti Classico in?
**Monti Del Chianti (east)**
**Elsa Valley (west)**
**Firenze and the Arno River (north)**
**Siena (south)**
188
What are the rivers that traverse Chianti Classico
Greve River & Pesa River flow north to Arno River
Arbia River flows south to Ombrone River
189
What is limestone know locally in Chianti Classico?
**Macigno**
190
What style can Vin Santo Occhio di. Pernice del Chianti Classico be made?
**Only SWEET**
191
What are the most prominent unofficial subzones of Chianti Classico?
Monti
Lamole
Ruffoli
Panzano
192
What are the most well known and historic sud-zones of Chianti Classico?
Castellina
Radda
Gaiole
193
How big is Chiant versus Chianti Classico?
**Twice as big with 7 subzones.**
194
What is one of Italy's largest, productive and most exported appellations?
**Chianti DOCG as largest, most productive and most exported.**
195
What is the only Chianti DOCG that does not allow white grapes?
**Colli Senesi**
196
What is the only Chianti DOCG subzone that has different requirements?
**Colli Senesi**
**Min 75% Sangiovese**
**Max 10% CabSav/CabFrank**
**No White Grapes**
197
What is the highest and coolest sub-zone in either Chianti of Chianti Classico?
**Rufina**
198
What is unique about Cortona Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice DOC?
It is made from 100% Sangiovese and/or Malvasia Nera
199
What is Vino Rosso Scelto (Brunello) 1865
Clemente Santi's 1st awarding winning Brunello that won a silver medal in a fair in 1869.
1st time Brunello is mentioned.
200
What divideds Montepucliano?
**The Canal di Chianar creates the Val di Chiana which separates the main growing area from Valiano in the NE**
201
Where in Montalcino are grapes harvest the earliest?
Sant’Angelo Scalo – S/SW hottest climate, arid, low altitude – marine-clay, sandm limestone – to – alluvial from Orcia River. Grapes usually harvested early here 1-2 weeks than higher altitudes. More approachable wines
202
**What 4 appellations fall under Consorzio del Vino Brunello di Montalcino**
**1. Brunello di Montalcino**
**2. Rosso di Montalcino**
**3. Sant'Antimo DOC**
**4. Moscadello di Montalcino DOC**
203
What is unique about the soils of Montepulciano?
The soils are **Sandy and Homogenous**
204
Who recieved its DOCG before Chianti or Chianti Classico?
**Chianti received its designation in 1984 while Chianti Classico did not receive its designation until 2006**
205
What is the largest and smallest sub-zone in Chianti DOCG?
**Largest - Senesi**
**Smallest - Rufina**
206
What DOC produces elegant Syrah?
**Cortona DOC**
207
What region is most associated with governo or the process of drying grapes for 2nd fermentation?
**Chianti**
208
What region in Southern Italy boast some of the latest harvest?
**Campania given the altitude for some vineyards**
