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CMBM 3 > Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Medical Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of fungus?

A 
eukaryotic
contain a nucleus
contain membrane bound organelles
Heterotrophic
-lack chlorophyll (not autotrophic)
- saprophytes (feed on living and dead organic matter) or parasitic (utilize living tissue)
Thermally dimorphic (mostly) - can exist in different forms based on temperature 
Kingdom - Mycota
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2
Q

Which agent is associated with Meningitis in the immunocompromised?

A

Cryptococcus

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3
Q

What is the structure of the fungus?

A

Cell wall - antigenic, multilayered
- Polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan, cellulos, glucan, mannan)

Cell membrane:

  • bilayered made of phospholipids and sterols (ergosterol, zymosterol)
  • protects the cytoplasm and facilitates capsules and cell wall synthesis

Cytoplasm:
-nucleolus, ER, mitochondria

Polysaccharide Capsule -***Cryptococcus neoformans

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4
Q

What is the encapsulated yeast we are supposed to know?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

  • antiphagocytic
  • agglutination reaction
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5
Q

What is thermal dimorphism?

A 
Two different forms based on temperature
Yeast (at 37 degrees)
- unicellular
- reproduces asexually by budding
- also sexually >>>basidiospore
- India ink can be used to identify
- all yeasts are aerobic and grows at wide range of temperature

Filamentous (Mold)

  • multicellular
  • vegetative growth of filamentous
  • aerobic filamentous fungi
  • mass of hyphae make up “Mycelium”
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6
Q

What is a septae hyphae?

A

hyphae separated by septum

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7
Q

The spores will become (mold/yeast).

A

mold

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8
Q

Distinguish between pseudohyphae, non-septate, and septate?

A

Non-septate (coenocytic)
Septate
Pseudohyphae (lack cytoplasmic connections between cells)

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9
Q

What does pathogenesis depend on?

A

immune response

structure of fungus

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10
Q

What will a fungal infection cause?

A

granuloma somewhere

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11
Q

How are fungal infections transmitted?

A

environment

Most are not communicable (except dermatophytes)

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12
Q

What agars are used to identify fungus?

A

Sabouraud’s agar
Blood agar
microscopy

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13
Q

What do the antifungal drugs work on?

A

Ergosterol synthesis (makes up cell membrane)

  • allylamines
  • azoles
  • morpholines
  • polyenes
  • amphotericin B (lots of side effects)
  • nystatin
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14
Q

What are 4 types of fungal infections?

A

superficial
subcutaneous
systemic
opportunistic

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15
Q

What subcutaneous infection do we need to know?

A

sporothrix schenckii

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16
Q

What does superficial mycoses affect?

A

epidermis at the stratum corneum layer

  • not invasive
  • normally no pathological change
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17
Q

How is dermatophyte diagnosed?

A

Branched hyphae on KOH wet mount
-culture - myobiotic sugar
-Sabourand’s dextrose sugar
Wood’s light

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18
Q

All dermatophyte infections are caused by members of what 3 genera?

A
  • microsporum
  • epidermophyton
  • tricophyton
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19
Q

What is tinea corparis?

A

ringworm (trunk, arms, legs)

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20
Q

What is tinea cruris?

A

jock itch (groin)

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21
Q

What is tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

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22
Q

tinea capits

A

ringworm of scalp

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23
Q

Tinea unguium

A

nail fungus

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24
Q

Tinea manus

A

ringworm of hand

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25
What is white piedra caused by?
Tinea blanca | Trichosporon beigelii
26
What is black piedra caused by ?
Piedra hortae
27
What treatments are available topically? oral?
topical (miconazole, clorthrimazole) | oral (Griseofulin, Ketaconazole)
28
What is the name of the organism that causes pityriasis versicolor?
Malassezia furfur
29
How is Malassezia furfur diagnosed?
presence of branched hyphae resembling spaghetti and meatballs
30
How does the Malassezia furfur yeast appear?
spherical on KOH mount
31
Who is at risk for Sporothrix schenckii?
golfers, rose gardeners, landscapers
32
What is the distribution of Sporothrix schenckii?
world wide, mainly in tropical areas
33
How is Sporothrix schenckii transmitted?
traumatic implantation
34
What does Sporothrix schenckii cause?
Rose Gardener's disease | Sportrichosis
35
What can candida albicans cause orally?
thrush
36
What fungus can be transmitted person to person?
candida albicans
37
How are systemic fungal infections transmitted?
``` inhalation thermally dimorphic -to lung -will give rise to yeast in body- single cell and budding **not communicable ```
38
What happens when macrophage encounters yeast?
granuloma will form | chest x-ray will show consolidation
39
Describe Histoplasma capsulatum's geographical location.
``` Geographical distribution (Ohio-Mississippi River valley) loves nitrogen in soil ```
40
Where is Histoplasma capsulatum found?
bat, pigeon, and chicken droppings
41
Who is at risk for Histoplasma capsulatum?
access to chicken coops, spelunking
42
How would you diagnose Histoplasma capsulatum?
yeast is budding with narrow base*** KOH and Parker Ink Look for H- Antigen
43
What will happen in 95% of cases of Histoplasma capsulatum?
nothing
44
Clinical symptoms of Histoplasma capsulatum may resemble what disease?
TB pneumonia
45
Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis geographically located?
East of Mississippi River Valley | Central America
46
Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found in nature?
soil, rotten wood | beaver dam
47
Describe the structure of Blastomyces dermatitidis ,
Round yeast with double refractive wall and single broad based budding
48
What does Blastomyces dermatitidis cause?
Chicago disease fever night sweats cough up blood
49
Which fungus is the most endemic?
Coccidiodes immitis
50
Where is Coccidiodes immitis geographically located?
SW United States | San Joaquin valley
51
Why is Coccidiodes immitis so important?
transmission is via a spherules through inhalation of arthrospore -sac ruptures and releases
52
What is the geographic location of Paracoccidiodes
Rural Latin America and some of South America
53
What has multiple, narrow base budding yeast cells | "steering wheel"?
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
54
What population would be susceptible to Cryptococcus neoformans?
immunocompromised | AIDS patients
55
Where is Cryptococcus neoformans found?
associated with soil contaminated with pigeon droppings
56
Which fungal organism causes meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
57
How would you confirm Cryptococcus neoformans?
lumbar puncture | CSF culture
58
Which organism stains with India ink?
Cryptococcus neoformans (encapsulated)
59
How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?
inhalation>> colonizes the lung>>lung injury "Cryptococomas"
60
What disease can result from Candida?
diaper rash | endocarditis (IV drug users)
61
What pH does Candida require?
pH 7.4
62
Which bacteria can maintain the pH so that Candida cannot grow?
lacto bacillus
63
When is esophageal candidiasis seen?
immunodeficiency
64
What population does Disseminated candidiasis affect?
immunocompromised | IV drug users
65
Where is Aspergillus funigatus found?
world wide
66
In the body and environment Aspergillus funigatus exists in what form?
acute angle hyphae form with septae flowering head (no head, no thermal dimorphism)
67
How is Aspergillus funigatus transmitted?
inhalation or traumatic inoculation of conidia
68
What are the signs and symptoms of Aspergillus funigatus?
release of mycotoxins>>>>mycotoxicosis Aflatoxin via corn or nuts Ergots
69
Where does Aspergillus funigatus colonize?
preformed cavities and debilitated tissues
70
Zygomycosis is associated with what 3 species?
Rhizopus Mucor Rhizomucor abisdia
71
Zygomycosis is seed in what population?
immunocompromised old diabetic
72
How would Zygomycosis appear under a microscope?
hyphae with wide branches, no septae
73
What causes fungal pneumonia?
``` Pneumocystis jiroveci (AIDS defining illness) CD4 count < 100 ```
74
What are risk factors for Pneumocystis jiroveci ?
``` CD4 < 200 cells/uL Prior PCP infection oral thrush recurrent bacterial pneumonia HIV ```

CMBM 3 (28 decks)

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