Metabolism Flashcards by Mind Med

Which is the sole GLUT or glucose transporter that is insulin dependent?

GLUT 4

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TRUE OR FALSE: Amino acids can be non-carbohydrate precursors of glucose and ketones

True

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Which of these statements is true:

A. Children require less metabolic fuel than adults
B. Fuel activity depends on physical activity
C. The metabolic fuel of an individual vary throughtout the day
D. Oxidation of metabolic is constant and independent of duration of physical activity

D. Oxidation of metabolic is constant and independent of duration of physical activity

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A 100 meter dash sprinter will depend primarily on which of the following for his fuel?

A. Glycogenolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Glucogenolysis
D. Glycolysis

D. Glycolysis

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which of the following occur in uncontrolled DM:

A. stimulation of glycogenolysis
B. inhibition of gluconeogenesis
C. inhibition of lipolysis
D. stimulation of VLDL synthesis

A. stimulation of glycogenolysis

deficiency in insulin leads to no inhibition of glycogenolysis

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TEUE OR FALSE: Glucose provides carbon skeletons for the glycerol of Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and non-essential amino acids

True

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Which statement best defines metabolism?

A. Breakdown of food in the stomach
B. The sum of all chemical reactions in a living cell
C. The process of synthesizing proteins only
D. The production of waste products

B. The sum of all chemical reactions in a living cell

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Which of the following is a characteristic of catabolic pathways?

A. Endothermic, build complex molecules
B. Exothermic, degrade complex molecules
C. Only found in plants
D. Require enzymes only in the mitochondria

B. Exothermic, degrade complex molecules

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What is the primary metabolic fuel in the fed state?

A. Fatty acids
B. Amino Acids
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

C. Glucose

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Which macronutrient provides the highest caloric value per gram?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. Alcohol

B. Fats

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Which hormone is mainly responsible for regulating fuel utilization in fasting state?

A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Growth hormone
D. Cortisol

B. Glucagon

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Which pathway is both anabolic and catabolic, also known as amphibolic?

A. Glycolysis
B. Citric Acid Cycle
C. β-oxidation
D. Glycogenesis

B. Citric Acid Cycle

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What is the major fuel reserve of the body?

A. Liver glycogen
B. Muscle glycogen
C. Triacylglycerol (fat)
D. Plasma glucose

C. Triacylglycerol (fat)

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After an overnight fast, which fuel store is most depleted?

A. Muscle protein
B. Liver glycogen
C. Muscle glycogen
D. Triglycerides

B. Liver glycogen

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During anaerobic glycolysis, what is the end product?

A. Pyruvate
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Lactate
D. Alanine

C. Lactate

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Which metabolic process synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?

A. Glycogenolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Lipogenesis

C. Gluconeogenesis

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The pentose phosphate pathway is important because it provides:

A. Ribose and NADPH
B. ATP only
C. Lactate for the liver
D. Urea for excretion

A. Ribose and NADPH

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Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose between meals?

A. Kidney
B. Small intestine
C. Liver
D. Muscle

C. Liver

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What is the main fate of dietary lipids after digestion?

A. Conversion to urea
B. Storage as muscle glycogen
C. Esterification to TAGs
D. Immediate excretion

C. Esterification to TAGs

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β-oxidation of fatty acids primarily yields:

A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ribose

A. Acetyl-CoA

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Which tissue cannot utilize free fatty acids as an energy source?

A. Muscle
B. Heart
C. Brain
D. Liver

C. Brain

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Which molecules can serve as precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A. Fatty acids only
B. Amino acids, lactate, glycerol
C. Cholesterol only
D. DNA fragments

B. Amino acids, lactate, glycerol

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What is the main anabolic fate of amino acids?

A. ATP synthesis
B. Urea formation
C. Protein synthesis
D. Glycerol production

C. Protein synthesis

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In prolonged fasting/starvation, which compound becomes a significant fuel for the brain?

A. Fatty acids
B. Ketone bodies
C. Glucose only
D. Lactate

C. Glucose only

NOTE: Ketone bodies may be utilized, but only to a small amount. Significant fuel must still come from glucose.

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What is the role of enzyme compartmentalization in metabolism? A. Increases substrate diffusion B. Regulates and integrates metabolic pathways C. Inhibits reaction rates D. Increases cell membrane rigidity

B. Regulates and integrates metabolic pathways

Which pathway is located in the cytosol? A. Citric acid cycle B. Glycolysis C. β-oxidation D. Respiratory chain

B. Glycolysis

Which of the following best describes a flux-generating reaction? A. Reversible and equilibrium B. Non-equilibrium and regulated by enzyme Km << substrate conc. C. Only occurs during starvation D. Regulated by DNA content

B. Non-equilibrium and regulated by enzyme Km << substrate conc.

What is the main function of ATP in cells? A. Enzyme inhibition B. Energy currency for biosynthesis, movement, and transport C. Storage of fat D. Maintenance of cell pH

B. Energy currency for biosynthesis, movement, and transport

The “final common pathway” for the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein is: A. Urea cycle B. Citric Acid Cycle C. Glycolysis D. Pentose phosphate pathway

B. Citric Acid Cycle

Which of the following is NOT a metabolic fuel? A. Glucose B. Fatty acids C. Proteins D. DNA

D. DNA

Which subcellular organelle is the main site for ketogenesis? A. Nucleus B. Cytosol C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes

C. Mitochondria

The main fate of muscle glycogen during exercise is: A. Maintenance of blood glucose B. Substrate for muscle ATP production C. Storage as fat D. Oxidation in liver

B. Substrate for muscle ATP production

Which macronutrient does NOT produce ammonia during metabolism? A. Protein B. Carbohydrate C. Fat D. None, all produce ammonia

B. Carbohydrate NOTE: Carbohydrate metabolism does NOT produce ammonia, only protein does

The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of an enzyme corresponds to: A. The substrate concentration at which Vi = Vmax B. The substrate concentration at which Vi = ½ Vmax C. The maximum velocity of the reaction D. The enzyme concentration required for maximum product formation

B. The substrate concentration at which Vi = ½ Vmax

Which metabolic pathway becomes increasingly important as fasting progresses to starvation? A. Glycogenolysis B. Lipogenesis C. Ketogenesis D. Hexose monophosphate pathway

C. Ketogenesis

What is the end product of glycolysis

pyruvate (aerobic) lactate (anaerobic)

How many gross and net ATP is produced as a by-product of glycolysis

2 net ATP 4 gross ATP

What are the 2 inhibitors of glycolysis?

glucagon and epinephrine

Which conversion step in glycolysis are the sole irreversible steps?

FIRST STEP: glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (via dephosphorylation) THIRD STEP: fructose-6 phosphate to fructose 1-6 phosphate (via dephosphorylation) TENTH/ LAST STEP: phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (via phosphorylation) *NOTE: In glucogeneogenesis, conversion is reversed but steps are still irreversible after.

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in which conversion step of glycolysis?

Step 7: 1,3 Bisohosphoglycerate to 3 Phosphoglycerate Step 10: PEP to Pyruvate

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to?

Acetyl-CoA

In glycolysis, 1 mole of glucose yields to how many net products?

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate

In what conversion step of the Kreb’s cycle is substrate level phosphorylation occuring?

conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate

How much glycogen can the liver store?

100g

How much glycogen can a muscle store?

300-400g

____ are produced when an excess of acetyl-CoA arises from ß-oxidation.

Ketone Bodies Occurs when not enough oxaloacetate is present in the body due to high lipid but low carbohydrate intake

Well fed state occurs at what range in time?

2-4 hours

Early fasting state occurs at what range in time?

>4-18 hours

Fasting state occurs at what range in time?

> 18-72 hours

Starvation state occurs at what range in time?

> 3 days

What hormone controls the utilization of fuel during the fasting state?

Glucagon

What hormone controls the utilization of fuel during the fed state?

Insulin

How much kcal/g do carbohydrates have?

How much kcal/g do fats have?

How much kcal/g do proteins have?

How much kcal/g do alcohols have?

What do you call proteins supplied in the diet?

Essential / indispensable proteins

TRUE OR FALSE: TAGs cannot be directly taken up by the liver

True It must be metabolized by lipoprotein lipase first

Enumerate the 4 metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria

1. Citric acid cycle 2. ATP synthesis (via oxidative phosphorylation) 3. Ketogenesis 4. ETC Mnemonic: CAKE

Which amino acids CANNOT be used for gluconeogenesis

*Leucine* and lycine

Which AAs are both glucogenic and ketogenic?

Phenylalanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, and tryptophan

How much glucose does the liver produce in an hour?

How much glucose does the brain and RBCs use in an hour?

6g This remains unaltered even in the fasting state

What is the bond involved in carbohydrates

Glycosidic bond

What is the bond involved in lipids

Ester bond

What is the bond involved in proteins

Peptide bonds

What is the bond involved in nucleic acids

Phosphodiester bond

What is the monomer of lipids?

Fatty acid/ glycerol

Which among the following is not a catabolic pathway A. Glycolysis B. Beta Oxidation C. ETC D. None

D. None

Metabolic fuels are oxidized into what in the cells?

Carbon dioxide and Water (CO2 and H2O)

What is the stores form of fat?

Triacylglycerol

TRUE OR FALSE: proteins are not stored in muscles or liver

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Cancer cells also undergoes glycolysis and produce ATP

true This is found in the Warburg effect

This fuel is the largest main fuel store

Triacylglycerol

TRUE OR FALSE: After 12 hours, liver glycogen is expected to be depleted

True

Dietary lipis have direct storage and are packaged with protein to be secreted in the lymph, then to the bloodstream as?

Chylomicrons

The following pathways occurs in the cytosol, except: A. Glycolysis B. HMP Shunt C. FA synthesis D. Respiratory chain

D. Respiratory chain (ETC) Remember: All pathways that produce ATP are in the mitochondria

The following pathways occurs in the cytosol, except: A. Protein synthesis B. Gluconeogenesis C. Glycogensis D. Glycogenolysis E. None

E. None

true or false: gluconeogenesis may occur in the cytosol and mitochondria

True

TRUE OR FALSE: acetyl-coa can be used to form glucose

False

TRUE OR FALSE: FAs and ketone cannot be used to form glucose

True

What is the final common metabolite

Acetyl-CoA

In starvation, neurons use up what as the preferred metabolic fuel A. Glucose B. Acetoacetate C. Glutamate D. Fatty acids

B. Acetoacetate Fed/ Fasting - glucose Starvation - acetoacetate

Metabolism Flashcards

(83 cards)