Micro Flashcards
1
Q
Where is Lipoteichoic acid found
A
Cell wall/cell membrane
2
Q
Lipoteichoic acid induces
A
TNF and IL-1
3
Q
What is found in the outer membrane (Gram -)
A
Endotoxins (LPS)
4
Q
Lipd A induces
A
TNF and IL-1
5
Q
Periplasm is
A
Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in Gram- bacteria
Site of Lacatmase
6
Q
What part of cell wall is unique to Gram+
A
Lipoteichoic acid
7
Q
What part of cell wall is unique to Gram-
A
LPS
Periplasm
8
Q
These Microbes May Lack Real Color are bugs that don’t stain well
A
- Treponema (too thin)
- Mycobacteria (High lipid content)
- Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
- Legionella (Intracellular)
- Rickettsia (Intracellular)
- Chlamydia (Intracellular)
9
Q
Dark field and fluorescent antibody staining used for
A
Treponema
10
Q
Silver stain used for
A
- Legionella
- Fungi
- H. Pylori
11
Q
Giemsa stains what
A
- Chlamydia
- Borrelia
- Rickettsiae
- Trypanosomes
- Plasmodium
12
Q
PAS stains what
A
Glycogen
Mucopolysaccharides
used for Whipple
13
Q
Ziehl-Neelsen stains
A
Acid-fast organisms
- Nocardia
- Mycobacterium
14
Q
Inida ink stains
A
Cryptococcus neoformans
15
Q
Chocolate agar with factor 5 and 10 used to grow
A
H. influenzae
16
Q
Thayer-Martin media has VPN
A
Vancomycin
Polymyxin
Nystatin
17
Q
Thayer-Martin media grows
A
Neisseria
18
Q
Bordet-Genou agar grows
A
B. pertussis
19
Q
What does C. diphtheriae grow on
A
Tellurite agar
Löffler medium
20
Q
Löwenstein-Jensen agar grows
A
M. tuberculosis
21
Q
Eaton agar grows
A
M. pneumoniae because it requires cholesterol
22
Q
Charcol yeast extract agar grows
A
Legionella
23
Q
Fungi grow on
A
Sabouraud agar
24
Q
Nagging Pests Must Breathe need oxygen to grow
A
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
MycoBacterium tuberculosis
25
Anaerobes that **C**an't **B**reathe **A**ir or will die
**C**lostridium
**B**acteroides
**A**ctinomyces
26
**SHiNE** **SK**i**S** are encapsulated bacteria
1. **S**. pneumoniae
2. **H**. **i**nfluenzae
3. **N**. meningitides
4. **E**. coli
5. **S**almonella
6. **K**lebsiella
7. group B **S**trep
27
Catalase-positive organisms
**PLACESS** for **CAT**s
1. **P**seudomonas
2. **L**isteria
3. **A**spergillus
4. **C**andida
5. **E**. coli
6. **S**. aureus
7. **S**erratia
28
Urease-positive bugs
**CH**uck Norris hates **PUNKSS**
1. **C**ryptococcus
2. **H**. pylori
3. **P**roteu
4. **U**reaplasma
5. **N**ocardia
6. **K**elbsiella
7. **S**. epidermidis
8. **S**. saprophyticus
29
Bacterial virulence factors promote
Evasion of host immune response
30
Bacterial virulence factors
1. Protein A (**S. aureus**)
2. IgA protease (**SHiN**)
3. M protein (**Group A Strep**)
31
Protein A binds to
Fc region of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis
32
M protein helps
Prevent phagocytosis
33
Clinical effects of endotoxins
Fever, shock (hypotension), DIC
34
What exotoxins inhibit protein synthesis
1. Diphtheria toxin (**C. diphtheriae**)
2. Exotoxin A (**Pseudomonas**)
3. Shiga toxin (**Shigella**)
4. Shiga-like toxin (**EHEC**)
35
What exotoxins inactivate EF-2
Diphtheria toxin (**C. diphtheria**)
Exotoxin A (**Pseudomonas**)
36
What exotoxins inactivate 60S robosome by removing **adenine** from **rRNA**
Shiga toxin
Shiga-like toxin
37
What exotoxins increase fluid secretion
1. Heat-Labile toxin [LT] (**ETEC**)
2. Heat-Stable toxin [ST] (**ETEC**)
3. Edema factor (**Anthracis**)
4. Cholera toxin (**Cholerae**)
38
Heat-labile toxin mechanism of action
Increase activity of cAMP
39
Heat-Stable toxin mechanism of action
Increase activity of cGMP
40
How does Cholera toxin increase activity of cAMP
Permanently activating Gs
41
What exotoxins inhibit phagocytic ability
Pertussis toxin
42
Mechanism of Pertussis toxin
Overactivates cAMP by diabling Gi impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbes
43
What exotoxins lyse cell membrane
Alpha toxin (**Clostridium perfringens**)
Streptolysin O (**S. pyogenes**)
44
Catalase + Coagulase + Gram + cocci
S. aureus
45
Novobiocin Sensitive, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Gram + cocci
S. epidermidis
46
Novobiocin Resistant, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Gram + cocci
S. saprophyticus
47
Optochin Sensitive, α-hemolytic, Catalase -, Gram +, capsulated cocci
S. pneumoniae
48
Optochin Resistant, α-hemolytic, Catalase -, Gram +, cocci
Viridans
49
Bacitracin Sensitive, β-hemolytic, Catalase -, Gram +, Group A cocci
S. pyogenes
50
Bacitracin Resistant, β-hemolytic, Catalase -, Gram +, Group B cocci
S. agalactiae
51
S. pneumoniae ause **MOPS**
1. **M**eningitis
2. **O**titis media in children
3. **P**neumonia
4. **S**inusitis
52
Pyogenic aspect of S. pyogenes (**Group A strep**)
1. Pharyngitis
2. Cellulitis
3. Impetigo (**Honey Crusted lesions**)
53
Toxigenic aspect of S. pyogenes (**Group A strep**)
1. **Scarlet fever**
2. Toxic Shock-like syndrome
3. Necrotizing fasciitis
54
Immunologic aspect of S. pyogenes (**Group A strep**)
RF
Acute glomerulonephritis
55
Scarlet fever is
* Due to S. pyogenes (**Group A strep**)
* Sandpaper-like texture
* Strawberry tongue
* Circumoral pallor
56
Gram + Rods
1. Clostridium (**anaerobe**)
2. Cornybacterium
3. Listeria
4. Bacillus (**Aerobe**)
5. Mycobacterium (**Acid-fast**)
57
Symptoms of C. diphtheriae
1. Pseudomembranous pharyngitis (**grayish-white membrane**)
2. Lymphadenopathy (**Bull neck**)
3. Myocarditis
4. Arrhythmias
58
**ABCDEFG** of C. diphtheriae
1. **A**DP-ribosylation
2. **B**eta-prophage
3. **C**ornyebacterium
4. **D**iphtheriae
5. **EF**2
6. **G**ranules
59
Gram +, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli
Clostridia
60
Listeria monocytogenes are found in
Unpasteruized diary products and deli meats
61
Lepromatous is due to
Th2 response causing Lion-like face, diffused over skin and communicable
62
Tuberculoid is
Due to Th1 response
Few hairless skin plaques
63
Lepromatous Rx.
Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazimine for 2-5 yrs
64
Tuberculoid Rx.
Dapose + Rifampin for 6 month
65
Maltos fermenting, Gram - Diplococci
N. meningitidis
66
Maltose nonfermenter, Gram -, Diplococci
N. gonorrhoeae
67
Gram -, Coccoid rods
1. H. influenzae
2. Pasteurella
3. Brucella
4. B. pertussis
68
Fast lactose fermenting (**pink on MaCkonkey**) Gram -, Rods
1. Klebsiella
2. E. coli
3. Enterobacter
69
Slow Lactose fermenting (**pink on MaCkonkey**) Gram -, Rods
1. Citrobacter
2. Serratia
70
Oxidase -, Non-lactose fermenter, Gram -, Rods
1. Shigella
2. Salmonella
3. Proteus
4. Yersinia
71
Oxidase +, Non-lactose fermenting Gram -, Rods
Pseduomonas
72
Urease producing, Oxidase +, Gram - comma shaped
H. pylori
73
Oxidase + Gram -
V. cholerae
74
Oxidase + grows in 420 C Gram -
C. jejuni
75
What does Legionella need to grow
Iron and cysteine
76
Legionnaires' disease is
Severe pnemonia, fever, Gi and CNS due to Legionella
77
**PSEUDO**monas causes
1. **P**neumonia
2. **S**epsis
3. **E**xternal Otitis
4. **U**TI
5. **D**rug use
6. **D**iabetic **O**steomyelitis
78
K capsule in E. coli causes
Pneumonia
Neonatal meningitis
79
Rice-water diarrhea caused by
V. Cholerae
80
Mesenteric adenitis
Caused by Y. enterocolitica
Mimic Crohn disease or appendicitis
81
Weil disease is
* Severe infection of Leptospira interrogans with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction
* Fever
* Hemorrhage
* Anemia
82
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is
* Flu-like syndrome after AB are started
* Due to killed bacteria releasing pyrogens
83
Clue cells seen in
Gardnerella vaginalis
84
Diseases that lead to Bells Palsy
1. Lyme
2. HSV
3. AIDs
4. Sarcoidosis
5. Tumors
6. Diabetes
85
Palms and soles rash seen in
* Coxsackievirus A
* Rocky mountain spotted fever
* 2o Syphilis
86
What subtype of Chlamydia causes blindness due to follicular conjuntivitis in Arica
A, B, and C
87
Histoplasmosis found in what area
Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
88
Where is Histoplasma found
Bat and bird droppings
89
What does Histoplasma invade
Macrophages
90
Blastomycosis found in what area
East of Mississippi river and Central America
91
Granulomatous nodules involving skin and bone caused by
Blastomycosis
92
Spaghetti and Meatball appearance
Tinea versicolor
93
Candida appearance
Pseudohyphae and budding yeasts
94
Aspergillus appearance
Acute Angles, not Dimorphic
95
What is found in pigeon droppings and cause meningitis
Cryptococcus
96
What is used to stain Cryptococcus
India Ink and Mucicarmine
97
What is the appearance of the lesion in Cryptococcus
Soap bubble
98
Rose gardener's disease is
Local pustule or ulcer with nodules along draining lymphatics caused by Sporothrix
99
Sporothrix appearance
Dimorphic, cigar-shaped budding yeast
100
Giardia causes
1. Bloating
2. Flatulence
3. Foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea
101
What Protozoa causes brain abscess in HIV with **ring-enhancing brain lesions**
Toxoplasma gondii
102
Enterobius vermicularis AKA
Pinworm
103
Ascaris lumbricoides AKA
Gian roundworm
104
Ancylostoma duodenale AKA Necator americanus AKA
Hookworm
105
What intestinal nematode causes anemia
Ancylostoma duodenale AKA Necator americanus AKA hookworm
106
Worm in conjunctiva caused by
Loa Loa
107
What nematode causes elephantiasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
108
What parasite is associated with Biliary Tract disease and cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
109
What parasite is associated with Brain cysts and seizures
Taenia solium
110
What parasite is associated with Hematuria and bladder cancer
Schistosoma haematobium
111
What parasite is associated with Liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
112
What parasite is associated with Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma
Necator
113
What parasite is associated with Perianal pruritis
Enterobius
114
What parasite is associated with Portal HT
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum
115
What parasite is associated with Vit B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
116
Live attenuated vaccines are
1. Smallpox
2. Yellow fever
3. Chickenpox
4. Sabin
5. MMR
6. Intranasal Influenza
117
Killed vacines are **RIP** **A**lways
1. **R**abies
2. **I**njected **I**fluenza
3. Salk **P**olio
4. H**A**V
118
All dNA viruses are dsDNA except
Parvovirdae ssDNA
119
All DNA viruses are linear excpet
Papilloma
Polyoma
Hepadnavirus
120
I went to a **Retro** **Toga** party where I drank **flavo**red **Corona** and ate **Hippy** **Cali**fornia **pic**kles.
Positive-stranded RNA viruses
1. **Retro**virus
2. **Toga**virus
3. **Flav**ivirus
4. **Corona**virus
5. **Hepe**virus
6. **Cali**civirus
7. **Pic**ornavirus
121
All RNA virues are ssRNA except
Reoviridae
122
All DNA viruses replicate in nucleus except
Poxvirus
123
All RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm except
Ifluenza and retrovirus
124
Naked DNA viruses
## Footnote
**PAPP**
* **P**apillomavirus
* **A**denovirus
* **P**arvovirus
* **P**olyomovarius
125
Naked RNA viruses
* Calicivirus
* Picornavirus
* Reovirus
* Hepevirus
126
**Par**don **P**a**Pa** **A**s **He** **H**as **Pox**
DNA viruses
* **Par**vo
* **P**olyoma
* **Pa**pilloma
* **A**deno
* **He**padna
* **H**erpes
* **Pox**
127
Adenovirus causes
1. Pharyngitis
2. Hemorrhagic cystitis
3. Pnemonia
4. **Conjunctivitis**
128
Colorado tick fever caused by
Coltivirus which is Reovirus
129
What is the #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children during the winter
Rotavirus from Reovirus
130
**PERCH** are Picornaviruses
* **P**oliovirus
* **E**chovirus: Aseptic Meningitis
* **R**hinovirus
* **C**oxsackieveirus
* **H**AV
131
Faviviurses consist of
1. HCV
2. Yellow fever
3. Dengue
4. St. Louis Encephalitis
5. West Nile
132
Rubella is what viral family
Togavirus
133
**P**a**R**a**M**yxovirus's:
* **P**arainfluenza: Croup
* **R**SV: bronchiolitis in babies
* **M**easles
* **M**umps
134
Negative-stranded RNA viruses must transcribe
- strand to + strand with their own **RNA-dependent RNA polymerase**
135
**BOAR** are segmented viruses
**B**unyavirus
**O**rthomyxovirus
**A**renavirus
**R**eovirus
136
Genetic shifts cause
Pandemics because of Reassortment of viral genome
137
Genetic drifts cause
Epidemics because of minor changes on random mutation
138
Measles causes **3 C's**
**C**ough
**C**oryza
**C**onjunctivitis
139
Koplik spots are
Bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa seen in Measles
140
**POM**-poms in Mumps
**P**arotitis
**O**rchitis
**M**eningitis
141
Hepatitis is that RNA virus
* HAV (**Picornavirus**)
* HCV (**Flavivirus**)
* HDV
* HEV (**Hepevirus**)
142
Hepatitis that is DNA virus
HBV (**Hepadnavirus**)
143
Histoplasma capsulatum in HIV seen when CD4 drops to
\<100 cells
144
Histoplasma capsulatum in HIV clinical
1. Fever
2. Cough
3. Hepatosplenomegaly
4. Tongue ulcer
145
Candida in HIV seen when CD4 drops to
\<400 cells: Oral
\<100 cells: esophageal
146
EBV in HIV clinical
Hairy leukoplakia
N-HL (**Waldeyer ring**)
Primary CNS lymphoma
147
Cryptosporidium in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<200 cells
148
Cryptosporidium in HIV clinical
Chronic, Watery Diarrhea
149
Toxoplasma gondii in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<100 cells
150
JC virus reactivation causing PML in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<200
151
Cryptococcus neoformans in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<50 cells
152
CMV in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<50 cells
153
CMV in HIV clinical
Retinitis with Cotton-wool spots
Interstitial pneumonia
154
Pneumocystis jirovecii (**PCP**) in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<200 cells
155
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV appearance
Ground-glass
156
MAC in HIV seen when CD4 drops
\<50
157
Bloody diarrhea with Day-care outbreak caused by
Y. enterocolitica
158
Bugs causing bloody diarrhea (**7**)
1. Camplyobacter
2. E. histolytica
3. EHEC
4. EIEC
5. Salmonella
6. Shigella
7. Y. enterocolitica
159
Bugs causing watery diarrhea (**6**)
1. C. difficle
2. C. perfringens
3. ETEC: travelers diarrhea
4. Protozoa
1. Giardia
2. Cryptosporidium
5. V. cholerae
6. Rotavirus
160
Pneumonia in Neonates caused by
Group B strep
E. coli
161
Pneumonia in children caused by
**R**unts **M**ay **C**ough **C**hunky **S**putum
* **R**SV
* **M**ycoplasma
* **C**. trachomatis
* **C**. pneumonia
* **S**. pneumonia
162
Meningitis in newborns caused by
Group B strep
E. coli
Listeria
163
Meningitis in children caused by
1. S. pneumoniae
2. N. meningitidis
3. H. influenzae
4. Enteroviruses
164
Meningities in teens and adults caused by
1. S. pneumoniae
2. N. meningitidis
3. Enteroviruses
4. HSV
165
Meningitis in elderley
1. S. pneumoniae
2. Gram- rods
3. Listeria
166
**ToRCHeS** of newborns
* **To**xoplasma gondii: cat
* **R**ubella
* **C**MV
* **He**rpes simplex 2
* **S**yphilis
167
Toxoplasm gondii neonatal manifestation
1. Chorioretnitis
2. Hydrocephalus
3. Intracranial calcification
168
Rubella neonatal manifestations
1. PDA
2. Cataracts
3. Deafness
4. Blueberry muffin rash
169
CMV neonatal manifestation
1. Hearing loss
2. Seizures
3. Bluberry muffin rash
170
Syphilis neonatal manifestions
1. Hydropfetalis
2. Notched teeth
3. Saddle nose
4. Short maxilla
5. Saber shins
6. CN8 deafness
171
Rash beginning at head and mves down in unimmunized children think
Rubella
172
Rash that begins at head and moves down preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivits and blue-white (**koplik**) spots in unimmunized children think
Measles
173
Currant jelly sputum in
Klebsiella
174
Facial nerve palsy in
Borrelia burgdorferi (**lyme disease**)
175
Penicillin G, V used for
1. Mostly Gram +:
1. S. pneumoniae
2. S. pyogenes
3. Actinomyces
2. N. meningitidis
3. T. pallidum
176
Ampicillin and Amozicillin used for **HELPSS**
* **H**. influenzae
* **E**. coli
* **L**isteria
* **P**roteus
* **S**almonella
* **S**higella
177
Penicillinase-resistant pencillins:
Oxacillin
Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin
178
Antipseudomonal penicillins:
Ticarcillin
Piperacillin
179
Cefazolin what Cephalosporin generation
Generation 1
180
Cephalexin what Cephalosporin generation
Generation 1
181
Cefoxitin what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 2
182
Cefaclor what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 2
183
Cefuroxime what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 2
184
Ceftriaxone what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 3
185
Cefotaxime what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 3
186
Ceftrazidime what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 3
187
Cefepime what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 4
188
Ceftaroline what generation Cephalosporin
Gen 5
189
**PEcK** is
* Covered by Gen 1 cephalosporn
* **P**roteus
* **E. c**oli
* **K**lebsiella
190
**HEN** **PEcK** covered by
* Gen 2 cephalosporn
* **H**. influenzae
* **E**nterobacter
* **N**eisseria
* **P**roteu
* **E. c**oli
* **K**lebsiella
191
What cephalosporn used to treat meningitis and gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
192
Anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin is
Ceftazidime
193
What is always administered with Carbapenems
Cilastatin to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules
194
Vanco used for
MRSA
C. difficile
Enterococci
Strep
195
Vanco toxicity
Nephro
Ototo
Thrombophlebitis
196
Aminoglycoside MOA
Inhibit formation of initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA
197
Aminoglycoside toxicity
Nephro
NMJ blocker
Ototo
Teratogenic
198
Tetracycline MOA
Bind to 30S and prevents attachment of **aminoacyl-tRNA**
199
Macrolides MOA
inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation
Bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit
200
**MACRO**lide toxicity
* GI **M**otility issues
* **A**rrhythmia: Prolonged QT
* **C**holestatic hepatitis
* **R**ash
* E**O**sinophilia
201
Chloramphenicol MOA
Blocks **peptidyltransferase** at 50S ribosomal subunit
202
Treat anaerobes above the diaphragm with
Clindamycin
203
Drugs causing phototoxicity
## Footnote
**SAT**
**S**ulfonamide
**A**miodrone
**T**etracycline
204
Avoid alcohol with Metronidazole due to
Disulfiram-like reacton
205
RIPE treatment of TB
1. **R**ifampin
2. **I**NH
3. **P**yrazinamide
4. **E**thambutol
206
INH MOA
Decrease synthesis of Mycolic acid
207
**INH** of Isoniazid
**I**njuries **N**eurons and **H**epatocytes
208
Rifamycin MOA
Inhibits **DNA-dependent RNA polymerase**
209
**R**ifampin's **4 R's**
* **R**NA polymerase inhibitor
* **R**amps up **P-450**
* **R**ed/orange body fluid
* **R**ifampin ramps up **P-450** but **R**ifabutin does not
210
Pyrazinamide toxicity
Hyperuricemia
Hepatotoxicity
211
Ethambutol blocks
Arbinosyltransferase
212
Ethambutol toxicity
Optic neuropathy (**red-green color blindness**)
213
Gonorrhea prophylaxis
Ceftriaxone
214
Pregnant woman with group B strep prophylaxis
Ampicillin
215
Prevention of postsurgical infection due to S. aureus
Cefazolin
216
Azoles MOA
Inhibit fungal sterol synthesis by inhibiting **Cytochrome P-450** that converts **Lanosterol to Ergosterol**
217
Azole toxicity
1. Testosterone synthesis inhibition
1. Gynecomastia
2. Increase with **Ketoconazole**
2. Liver dysfunction
1. Inhibition of **P-450**
218
Flucytosine MOA
Inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis by converstion to **5-FU**
219
Echinocandins are
1. Caspo**fungin**
2. Mica**fungin**
3. Anidula**fungin**
220
Echinocandins MOA
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of **β-glucan**
221
DOC for invasive aspergillosis and Candida
Caspofungin
222
Terbinafine inhibits
Squalene epoxidase
223
Chloroquine MOA
Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin
Build up of heme is toxic to Plasmodia
224
Chloroquine toxicity
Retinopathy
Pruritus
225
What drugs inhibit influenza neuraminidase leading to decrease the release of progeny virus
Zama**mivir**
Oselta**mivir**
226
Ribavirin used for
RSV
Chronic Hep C
227
Ribavirin toxicity
Hemolytic anemia
Teratogenic
228
-clovir MOA
Inhibits viral **DNA polymerase** by **chain termination**
Must be phosphorylated by **Thymidine kinase**
229
-clovir toxicity
Obstructive crystalline nephropathy
Acute renal failure
230
Given for CMV
Ganciclovir
231
Ganciclovir toxicity
1. BM suppression
1. Leukopenia
2. Neutropenia
3. Thrombocytopenia
2. Renal toxicity
232
Foscarnet MOA
Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the **pyrophosphate-binding site**
233
-navirs are
Protease inhibitor
234
NNRTIs
1. Efavirenz
2. Nevirapine
3. Delavirdine
235
Integrase inhibitor
Raltegravir
236
**SAF**e **C**hildren **T**ake **R**eally **G**ood **C**are are antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy
1. **S**ulfa: *Kernicterus*
2. **A**G: *Ototoxicity*
3. **F**luoroquinolones: *Cartilage damage*
4. **C**larithromycin: *Embryotoxic*
5. **T**etracyclines: *Discolored teeth, inhibits bone growth*
6. **R**ibavarin
7. **G**riseofluvin
8. **C**hloramphenicol: *Gray Baby*
