Neuro Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Adult derivatives of Telencephalon
A
Cerebral hemispheres
Lateral ventricles
2
Q
Adult derivatives of Diencephalon
A
Thalamus
3rd ventricle
3
Q
Adult derivatives of Mesencephalon
A
Midbrain
Aqueduct
4
Q
Adult derivatives of the Metencephalon
A
Pons
Cerebellum
Upper part of 4th ventricle
5
Q
Adult derivatives of Myelencephalon
A
Medulla
Lower part of 4th ventricle
6
Q
Arnold-Chiari malformation (Chiari 2) is
A
Significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through forament magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus
7
Q
Anterior 2/3 of tongue sensation
A
Maxillary (CN 5)
8
Q
Anterior 2/3 of tongue taste via
A
Facial (CN 7)
9
Q
Posterior 1/3 of tongue taste and sensation
A
Glossopharangeal (CN 9)
10
Q
Motor invervation of tongue via
A
Hypoglossal (CN 12)
11
Q
Oligodendroglia damaged in (3)
A
- MS
- PML
- Leukodystrophies
12
Q
Schwann cells damaged in
A
Guillan-Barré
13
Q
C fibers are
A
Slow, unmyelinated fibers
14
Q
Aδ fibers are
A
Fast, myelinated fibers
15
Q
What types of fibers are located in Free nerve endings
A
C
Aδ
16
Q
What type of fibers located in Meissner corpuscles
A
Large, myelinated fibers that adapt quickly
17
Q
Meissner corpuscles found in
A
Glabrous (hairless) skin
18
Q
Meissner corpuscles sense
A
Dynamic, fine/light touch
Position
19
Q
Pacinian corpuscles found in
A
Deep skin layers
Ligaments
Joints
20
Q
Pacinian corpuscles sense
A
Vibration
Pressure
21
Q
Merkel discs found in
A
Basal epidermal layer
Hair follicles
22
Q
Merkel discs sense
A
Pressure
Deep static touch
Position
23
Q
What layer of peripheral N must be joined to save limb in reattachment
A
Perineurium
24
Q
NE synthesis
A
Locus ceruleus in pons
25
Dopamine synthesis
Ventral tegmental and SNc in midbrain
26
5-HT synthesis
Raphe nucleus in Pons, Medulla, and Midbrain
27
ACh synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
28
GABA synthesis
Nucleus accumbens
29
Leptin inhibits
Lateral area of hypothalamus
30
Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of (**4**)
1. ACTH
2. Prolactin
3. Melatonin
4. NE
31
Extraocular movement during REM sleep is due to
PPRF activity
32
Limbic system famous **5 F's**
1. **F**eeding
2. **F**leeing
3. **F**ighting
4. **F**eeling
5. **F**uckinv
33
Structures of limbic system (**5**)
1. Hippocampus
2. Amygdala
3. Fornix
4. Mammillary body
5. Cingulate gyrus
34
Striatum of Basal ganglia inculdes
Putamen (**motor**)
Caudate (**cognitive**)
35
Lentiform of Basal ganglia includes
Putamen
Globus pallidus
36
Hemiballismus lesion
Contralateral **subthalamic nucleus**
37
Chorea lesion
Basal ganglia
38
Athetosis lesion
Basal ganglia
39
Treat essential tremors
β-blockers
Primidone
40
Broca area
Motor region of speach located in frontal dominant lobe
41
Wernicke area
Associative auditory cortex in temporal dominant lobe
42
Bilateral lesion of Amygdala leads to
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
43
Bilateral lesion of Amygdala associated with
HSV-1
44
Right parietal-temporal cortex lesions leads to
Contralateral spatial neglect (**Agnosia**)
45
Left parietal-temporal cortex lesion leads to
Gerstmann syndrome:
Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation
46
Lesion of RAS in midbrain leads to
Reduced level of arousal and wakefullness (**coma**)
47
Lesion of Cerebellar hemisphere leads to
Ipsilateral intention tremor, limb ataxia and loss of balance
48
Lesion of subthalamic nucleus leads to
Contralateral hemiballismus
49
PPRF lesion leads to
Eyes look away from side of lesion
50
Frontal eye field lesion leads to
Eyes look toward lesion
51
Conduction Aphasia due to damage to
Left superior temporal lobe
Left supramarginal gyrus
52
Secondarly to unmanaged HT leads to
Lacunar infact leading to contralateral hemiparesis/hemplegia
53
Medial medullary syndrome due to infarct of
Paramedian branches of ASA and vertebral A
54
Wallenberge (**lateral medullary**) syndrome due to incarct of
PICA
55
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm associated with
Chronic HT affects small vessels in basal ganglia and thalamus
56
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus leads to
Wet, Wobbly and Wacky
57
Spinal cord extends to
L1-L2
58
Subarachnoid space lower border is
S@
59
Dorsal column senses (**4**)
1. Pressure
2. Vibration
3. Fine touch
4. Proprioception
60
Spinothalamic tract senses
Lateral: Pain and Temperature
Anterior: Crude touch and pressure
61
Werdnig-Hoffman disease is
Congenital degeneration of anterior horns of spinal cord destroying LMN leading to Floppy baby
## Footnote
**AR**
62
ALS due to
Defect in superoxide dismutase 1
63
ALS treatment
Riluzole
64
Tabes dorsalis associated with
Charcot joints
Shooting pain
Argyll Robertson pupils
65
Poliomyelitis is
Causes by poliovirus causing destruction to anterior horn of spinal cord causing LMN death
66
Friedreich ataxia symptoms (**7**)
1. Staggering gate
2. Frequent falling
3. Nystagmus
4. Dysarthria
5. Pes cavus
6. Hammer toes
7. Hypertorphic cardiomyopathy
67
Reflex song
S1, 2: Buckle my shoe (**Achille reflex**)
L3, 4: Kick the door (**Patellar reflex**)
C5, 6: Pick up sticks (**Bicept reflex**)
C7, 9: Lay them strait (**Tricept reflex**)
68
CN that lie medially at brain stem
**CN 3**
**CN 6**
**CN 12**
69
Parinauld syndrome is
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in **superior colliculi**
70
**S**ome **S**ay **M**arry **M**oney **B**ut **M**y **B**rother **S**ays **B**ig **B**rains **M**atter **M**ost
1. **S**esnory: Olfactory (**CN1**)
2. **S**esnory: Optic (**CN2**)
3. **M**otor: Oculomotor (**CN3**)
4. **M**otor: Trochlear (**CN4**)
5. **B**oth: Trigeminal (**CN5**)
6. **M**otor: Abducent (**CN6**)
7. **B**oth: Facial (**CN7**)
8. **S**ensory: Vestibulocochlear (**CN8**)
9. **B**oth: Glossopharyngeal (**CN9**)
10. **B**oth: Vagus (**CN10**)
11. **M**otor: Accessory (**CN11**)
12. **M**otor: Hypoglossal (**CN12**)
71
Corneal reflex
Afferent: CN 5 (**nasociliary branch of ophthalmic**)
Efferent: CN 7 (**temporal branch: orbicularis oculi**)
72
Lacrimation reflex
Afferent: CN 5
Efferent: CN7
73
Jaw jerk reflex
Afferent: CN 5
Efferent: CN 5 (**motor-masseter**)
74
Pupillary reflex
Afferent: CN 2
Efferent: CN 3
75
Gag reflex
Afferent: CN 9
Efferent: CN 10
76
Nucleus Solitarius
CN: 7, 9, 10
Visceral Sensory information: (**taste, baroreceptor, gut distention**)
77
Nucleus Ambiguus
CN: 9, 10, 11
Motor innervation of pharynx, laynx and upper esophagus
78
What exits out of Superior orbital fissure
CN 3, 4, 51, 6, ophthalmic vein, sympathetic fibers
79
What exits out of Forament Rotundum
CN 52
80
What exits out of Foramen Ovale
CN 53
81
What exits out of Foramen Spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
82
What exits out of Jugular foramen
CN 9, 10, 11, Jugular vein
83
CN 5 motor lesion results in
Jaw deviated toward side of lesion
84
CN 10 lesion results in
Uvula deviated away from side of lesion
85
CN 12 lesion (LMN) leads to
Tongue deviates toward side of lesion
86
Abnormal Rinne test:
Bone \> Air
Conduction hearing loss
87
Weber test localized to affected ear in
Conductive hearing loss
88
Rinne test result in sensorineural hearing loss
Normal (air \> bone)
89
Weber test localizes to unaffected ear in
Sensorineural hearing loss
90
Uveitis associated with (**5**)
1. Sarcoid
2. RA
3. Juvenile idiopathis arthritis
4. TB
5. HLA-B27 associated conditions
91
Retinitis due to (**3**)
1. CMV
2. HSV
3. HZV
92
93
1st order Neurons in Miosis of pupil is
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
94
MLF allows crosstalk between
CN 6 and CN3
95
Treatment of MS
Natalizumab
β-interferon
96
Guillian-Barré presentation
Symmetric ascending muscle weakness/paralysis begging in lower extremities
97
Guillian-Barré is
Autoimmune destruction of Schwann cells associated with C. jejuni and CMV
98
PML is due to
Destruction of Oligodendrocytes associated with JC virus in AIDs
99
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is
AR lysosomal storage disease due to **Arylsulfatase A deficiency**
100
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is
Also known as **hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)**
## Footnote
**AD**
101
Charcot-Marie-Tooth diesease associated with
Scoliosis and foot deformities
102
Sturge-Weber syndrome is
Activating mutation of **GNAQ gene**
103
**STURGE**-Weber syndrome
* **S**poradic, port-wine **S**tain
* **T**ram track Ca on opposing gyri
* **U**nilateral
* **R**etardatio
* **G**laucoma
* **E**pilepsy
104
Tuberous sclerosis are **HAMARTOMAS**
* **H**amartoma in CNS and skin
* **A**ngiofibromas
* **M**itral regurgitation
* **A**sh-leaf spots
* **R**habdomyoma, Cardiac
* **T**uberous sclerosis
* Autosomal d**O**minant
* **M**ental retardation
* **A**ngiomyolipoma, Renal
* **S**eizure, **S**hagreen patchs
105
Meningioma arises from
Arachnoid cells
106
Hemanvioblastoma associated with
von Hippel-Lindau
Secondary polycythemia
107
Rosenthal fibers seen in
Astrocytoma
108
Homer-Wright rosettes seen in
Medulloblastoma
109
Perivascular rosettes seen in
Ependymoma
110
What drugs decrease aqueous humor synthesis used for Glaucoma
1. α-Agonist:
1. Epinephrine
2. Brimondine
2. β-Blockers:
1. Timolol
2. Betaxolol
3. Carteolol
111
Opioid analgesics (**8**)
1. Morphine
2. Fentanyl
3. Codeine
4. Loperamide
5. Methadone
6. Meperidine
7. Dextromethorphan
8. Diphenoxylate
112
Butorphanol is
μ-opioid receptor partial agonist and κ-opioid receptor agonist
113
Advantages of using Butorphanol for pain
Causes less respiratory depression
114
Tramadol is
Very weak opioid agonist that also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake
115
Ethosuximide MOA
Blocks thalamic T-type Ca channels used for Abscence seizures
116
Ethosuximide **FGHIJ** toxicity
* **F**atigue
* **G**I distress
* **H**eadache
* **I**tching
* Stevens-**J**ohnson
117
Benzo MOA
Increase GABAA action used for Status epilepticus
118
Phenytoin MOA
Increase Na channel inactivation used for all seizures other than Absence
119
Phenytoin side effects (**11**)
1. Nystagmus
2. Diplopia
3. Ataxia
4. Sedation
5. **Gingival hyperplasia**
6. **Hirsutism**
7. **Peripheral neuropathy**
8. **Megaloblastic anemia**
9. **Teratogenesis**
10. **SLE**
11. **Stevens-Johnsons**
120
Carbamazepine MOA
Increase Na channel inactivation used
121
Carbamazepine toxicity (**6**)
1. Diplopia
2. Ataxia
3. **Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia**
4. Liver toxicity
5. SIADH
6. Stevens-Johnson
122
1st line for trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
123
Valproic acid MOA
Increase Na channel inactivation
Increase GABA concentration by inhibiting **GABA transaminase**
124
Valproic acid toxicity (**4**)
1. GI
2. **Hepatotoxicity**
3. Tremor
4. Weight gain
125
Gabapentin MOA
Inhibits high-voltage-activated Ca channel
GABA analog
126
Topiramate MOA
Blocks Na channels
Increase GABA action
127
Lamotrigine MOA
Blocks voltage-gated Na channels
128
Tiagabine MOA
Increase GABA by inhibiting re-uptake
129
Vigabatrin MOA
Increase GABA by inhibiting **GABA transaminase**
130
Anesthetics with increased solubility in lipids =
Increased potency = 1/MAC
131
IV anesthetics (**5**)
1. Thiopental (**barb**)
2. Midazolam (**BZ**)
3. Ketamine (**PCP analog**)
4. Opioids
5. Propofol
132
Ketamine MOV
Blocks NMDA receptors
133
Memantine is
NMDA antagonist used for Alzheimers
134
Tetrabenazine and reserpine are
Huntington drugs that inhibit **Vesicular Monamine Transporter (VMAT)**
135
Haloperidol is
Dopamine receptor antagonist used for Huntington
136
-triptans are
5-HT1B/1D agonists that inhibit trigeminal N acivation
