Microbio Week 10 - Antivirals and Diagnostic Virology (Exam 3)

Question 1

Block the release of the influenza virus by blocking the viral neuraminidase

Answer 1

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 1

2 classes of drugs for influenza

Answer 1

Neuraminidase inhibitors
Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor

Question 2

The most common is Tamiflu

Answer 2

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Question 3

Xofluza prevents the influenza virus from taking cellular mRNA caps and using them to make viral mRNA.

As a result, viral RNA can’t be transcribed into
mRNA, and viral proteins are not made

Answer 3

Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor

Question 4

Not specific to one virus and can be used on respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C virus, and hemorrhagic fever viruses

Answer 4

Ribavirin

Question 5

Works by lowering guanine nucleotides in the cell (by inhibiting inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenase), making viral RNA replication harder

Answer 5

Ribavirin

Question 6

Also works as a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor

Answer 6

Ribavirin

Question 7

A teratogen - two forms of birth control should be used while taking this drug and continued for six months after use

Answer 7

Ribavirin

Question 8

5 classes of HIV antivirals (ON EXAM)

Answer 8

1. Entry inhibitors
   2&3. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 classes)
2. Integrase inhibitors
3. Protease inhibitors

Question 9

Block receptor or co-receptor binding or membrane fusion and entry in HIV

Answer 9

Entry inhibitor

Question 10

Name the 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV

Answer 10

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

Question 11

Chain terminators prevent the chain from being elongated in HIV

Answer 11

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

Question 12

Bind to reverse transcriptase and prevent its ability to make DNA in HIV

Answer 12

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

Question 13

Block the ability of the HIV virus to make a DNA copy of itself

Answer 13

Both reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 14

Prevent the HIV virus from inserting the viral DNA into the cellular DNA

Answer 14

Integrase inhibitor

Question 15

Block the maturation of the viral HIV particle

Answer 15

Protease inhibitor

Question 16

Name the 3 classes of HCV drugs

Answer 16

1. Viral protease inhibitor
2. Viral polymerase inhibitor
3. Viral protein NS5A inhibitor

Question 17

Block cleavage of the viral polyprotein and stop replication after this step in HCV

Answer 17

Viral protease inhibitor

Question 18

Block the ability of the virus to replicate its RNA in HCV

Answer 18

Viral polymerase inhibitor

Question 19

Block RNA production and assembly in HCV

Answer 19

Viral protein NS5A inhibitor

Question 20

Block the viral polymerase and interfere with viral DNA production in herpesviruses

Answer 20

Acyclovir compounds

Question 21

Need to be activated by a viral thymidine kinase

Answer 21

Acyclovir compounds

Question 22

Preferentially activated in an infected
cell that has the viral thymidine kinase

Answer 22

Acyclovir compounds

Question 23

Prodrug of acyclovir

Answer 23

Valacyclovir

Question 24

Converted to acyclovir in the body and requires less dosing than acyclovir

Answer 24

Valacyclovir

Question 25

Both treat HSV and VZV herpesviruses

Answer 25

Acyclovir Valacyclovir

Question 26

Same active compound and can also treat HSV and VZV herpesviruses Which one is oral and which one is topical?

Answer 26

Famciclovir (oral) Penciclovir (topical)

Question 27

Have more side effects and are used to treat the herpesvirus CMV

Answer 27

Valganciclovir Gangiclovir

Question 28

Used to confirm a diagnosis

Answer 28

Viral diagnostics

Question 29

What is necessary for prescribing the correct antiviral drugs?

Answer 29

Diagnosing a virus

Question 30

What can help monitor chronic infections and the prevalence of a virus in the community?

Answer 30

Viral diagnostics

Question 31

Viral infections are determined by looking for viral inclusion bodies, syncytia, or using detector antibodies for viral proteins

Answer 31

Cytology

Question 32

Vaccines require large quantities of _____. And many vaccines are produced in ____________ cells

Answer 32

virus; cultured

Question 33

Cell culture can be used to diagnose an infection, but what tests are rapidly replacing the need for viral culture?

Answer 33

Nucleic acid tests

Question 34

Can be used to detect antibodies present in the body against a specific virus

Answer 34

Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA

Question 35

The Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA test can be for IgM, which would indicate what?

Answer 35

Acute infection

Question 36

The Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA test can be for IgG, which would specify what?

Answer 36

Acute, chronic, or past infection

Question 37

They can also be used to test for the presence of a viral antigen indicating active infection

Answer 37

Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA

Question 38

The Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA test is specific to how many viruses?

Answer 38

1

Question 39

The Antibodies or Antigens- ELISA or EIA can be used to check for vaccine _________

Answer 39

efficacy

Question 40

T/F: All tests can have false positives or false negatives

Answer 40

True

Question 41

A quick, easy test that is like an ELISA or EIA

Answer 41

Lateral flow assay

Question 42

Depending on the test, it can detect the presence of viral antigens or antibodies

Answer 42

Lateral flow assay

Question 43

T/F: Elisa/EIA and lateral flow assays are quick and can be done in minutes

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Where can lateral flow assays be done?

Answer 44

At home Dr's office

Question 45

T/F: You do not have to know what virus you have to do a lateral assay test

Answer 45

FALSE, you have to know what virus to test since one virus is tested per assay

Question 46

The lateral assay test might not pick up the new ________ if the virus undergoes antigen drift

Answer 46

strain

Question 47

These tests are very sensitive and can amplify small amounts of starting material. They usually pick up an infection if it is present

Answer 47

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Question 48

A specialized NAAT can determine the amount of what in a person?

Answer 48

Virus

Question 49

This is often done in chronic infections to determine whether antiviral treatment is working

Answer 49

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Question 50

Most of the time, these tests are sent to a lab. This can mean waiting several days for the result. However, more and more of these tests are marketed for point of care (in a doctor’s office)

Answer 50

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Question 51

These tests tend to be more expensive than lateral flow assays

Answer 51

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Question 52

Can test for several infections at once. Still, they are costly and usually not done unless the person is hospitalized

Answer 52

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Question 53

How many people with the disease will test positive

Answer 53

Sensitivity

Question 54

If 100 people have been infected with influenza and only 70 of them test positive, what is the sensitivity of the test?

Answer 54

70%

Question 55

How many people who DO NOT have the disease will test negative

Answer 55

Specificity

Question 56

If 100 people who are not infected with influenza take the test and 5 of them test positive, what is the specificity of the test?

Answer 56

95%

Question 57

T/F: When the prevalence of infection is low, testing can have limited utility

Answer 57

True