Microbio Week 7 - Parasitology (Mini Exam)

Question 1

When one organism lives in close association with, and at the expense of, another

Answer 1

Parasite

Question 2

Where do parasites live?

Answer 2

On or in a host

Question 3

Parasites that live on a host

Answer 3

Ecto-parasite

Question 4

Parasites that live in a host

Answer 4

Endo-parasite

Question 5

T/F: Parasites usually kill their host

Answer 5

FALSE; they usually do not kill their host

Question 6

The complex relationships between parasites and their hosts are the result of long ______________ histories

Answer 6

co-evolutionary

Question 7

2 types of medically important human parasites

Answer 7

1. Protozoans
2. Helminths

Question 8

Single celled “animal like” eukaryotes

Answer 8

Protozoans

Question 9

Worms and flukes

Answer 9

Helminths

Question 10

T/F: Parasites include bacteria and viruses

Answer 10

True, but the science of parasitology does NOT include them for historical reasons

Question 11

There are ____ or ____ fold more parasites in nature than there are ‘free-living’ organisms

Answer 11

3 or 4

Question 12

Each living species has ____ or more parasite, and the parasites have _________

Answer 12

1; parasites

Question 13

Where a sexually mature adult parasite lives

Answer 13

Definitive host

Question 14

Where a developing parasite lives

Answer 14

Intermediate host

Question 15

Where a parasite that does not replicate or transmit, but dies (potentially causing more significant disease)

Answer 15

Dead end host

Question 16

How were protozoans originally classified?

Answer 16

By motility

Question 17

What were the original 4 groups of protozoans, classified by motility?

Answer 17

1. Amoebas
2. Ciliates
3. Flagellates
4. Sporoza

Question 18

How are protozoans classified now?

Answer 18

By cell organelles

Question 19

Which of the 4 motility classifications is still a valid taxonomic class of protozoans today?

Answer 19

Ciliates

Question 20

What are the “Big 3” soil-transmitted nematode worms?

Answer 20

1. Giant roundworm
2. Whipworm
3. Hookworm

Question 21

What are major human infections related to?

Answer 21

The “Big 3” soil-transmitted nematode worms

Question 22

How many parasites can affect humans?

Answer 22

~100

Question 23

What are the 5 parasites of high known relevance in the US?

Answer 23

Pinworms
Toxoplasma
Trichomonas
Giardia
Pediculus humanus capitis (lice)

Question 24

___________ and level of clean water infrastructure is the major factor of parasite habitat/transmission/epidemiology

Answer 24

Sanitation

Question 25

___________ and __________ can exert an influence of parasite survival in the environment

Answer 25

Temperature and humidity

Question 26

4 modes of transmission for parasite infections

Answer 26

1. Ingestion 2. Direct skin penetration 3. Direct person to person 4. Insect bites

Question 27

How do parasites contribute to/complicate other diseases?

Answer 27

Malnutrition

Question 28

Which type of parasitic disease is often chronic, and lacks specific identifiable patient symptoms?

Answer 28

Endemic

Question 29

Many parasitic infections are less/more acute compared to viral or bacterial diseases

Answer 29

Less acute

Question 30

What does co-evolution of parasites tend to favor ((except where important for transmission)?

Answer 30

Reduced host damage

Question 31

Parasites have evolved numerous and effective _______________ and ___________ strategies (ex: antigen variation, generalized AB stimulation, etc)

Answer 31

immune-evasion; suppression

Question 32

How can host cell and tissue damage still occur from parasites?

Answer 32

Immune responses to parasites

Question 33

What 3 examples of immune responses to parasites?

Answer 33

Eosinophilia DTH Granuloma

Question 34

The transmission of parasites involves the ability of their durable __________ to survive and develop in the environment

Answer 34

Eggs/larvae

Question 35

A few parasites survive as adults in the soil or water, and can penetrate what?

Answer 35

Skin

Question 36

How are protozoans that only reside in hosts directly transmitted?

Answer 36

Sexually Insect bites

Question 37

The definitive host of a parasite is...

Answer 37

where the mature form of the parasite occurs.

Question 38

Which of the following is a 'dead-end' parasite of humans? Balantidium coli Entamoeba histolytica Plasmodium Acanthamoeba Ascaris lumbricoides

Answer 38

Acanthamoeba

Question 39

Which of the following parasites is not generally microscopic in its mature form, even though microbiologists usually study them? cyclosporas toxoplasmas leishmanias helminths amoebae

Answer 39

helminths

Question 40

Why are parasites understudied? A. not many parasite are deadly B. we know how to prevent and treat these infections C. there is a only a small market for parasite treatments D. A&B

Answer 40

D. A&B

Question 41

Which of these are included in the field of study know as Parasitology A. some types of worms B. biting insects C. infectious protozoans D. pathogenic bacteria E. all except D

Answer 41

E. all except D

Question 42

Which protozoa are important in being transmitted congenitally from mother to baby?

Answer 42

Toxoplasma Malaria

Question 43

What is considered to be just as important as lab exam of specimens in recognizing parasitic diseases?

Answer 43

Geographic distribution

Question 44

What are the major factors that influence parasite survival in the environment?

Answer 44

Sanitation Level of clean water Temperature Humidity

Question 45

What is the most important diagnostic tool for parasites?

Answer 45

Direct microscopic exam of feces

Question 46

What determines the need for initial and repeated stool microscopy or serology?

Answer 46

Pt history, including travel

Question 47

What are specialized serological (antigen or host AB) tests available for?

Answer 47

Protozoans (includes many, but not all high US prevalent parasites)

Question 48

How is species specific testing for the Malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, done?

Answer 48

PCR (it is super important to diagnose this species!!)

Question 49

T/F: All these common parasitic diseases most often respond well to treatment

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What do anti-parasite drugs target?

Answer 50

Eukaryotic cells

Question 51

Why must dosing levels for anti-parasitic drugs be carefully applied and evaluated?

Answer 51

They target eukaryotic cells, making them more problematic than antibiotics

Question 52

What is the most common treatment for protozoans?

Answer 52

Metronidizole

Question 53

What is the most common treatment for worms?

Answer 53

Benzamidazoles

Question 54

What drug is converted to an active agent only in organisms that can grow anaerobically, and then causes DNA damage?

Answer 54

Metronidizole

Question 55

What drug interferes with nematode tubulin function, and kills worms in several days?

Answer 55

Benzamidazoles

Question 56

Are there many parasite vaccines?

Answer 56

NO, but malaria and hookworm vaccines are currently being developed

Question 57

What programs are valuable in preventing infection?

Answer 57

Mosquito and other insect vector control

Question 58

What can reduce, but not likely prevent infection?

Answer 58

Mosquito net Insect repellent

Question 59

What should you avoid swimming and bathing in if its a high parasite prevalence region?

Answer 59

Fresh water

Question 60

T/F: You should never drink water and stay dehydrated to avoid getting an infection in high parasite prevalence regions

Answer 60

FALSE; stay hydrated! Avoiding the water can have the opposite of intended effect

Question 61

What foods should you avoid when visiting high parasite prevalence regions?

Answer 61

Avoid salad, fruit, ice, undercooked foods