Migration - EQ4 - 1.11 National Indentity

Question 1

define economic migration

Answer 1

• the movement of an individual to improve thier financial wealth & quality of living

Question 2

define nationalism

Answer 2

• term used to describe the attachments & beliefs of citizens about their nation: its order, nature & value
• it can also be used to describe a political action by a party/group to achieve/ maintain statehood

Question 3

What 3 factors can strengthen national identity

Answer 3

• Education
• Sport
• Political parties

Question 4

How can education emphasise nationalism

Answer 4

• National Curriculum teaches Fundamental British Values (2014) of democracy, rule of law, respect, tolerance and individual liberty through citizenship, history and other subjects

Question 5

How can sport emphasise nationalism

Answer 5

• Serves as a national unifying force through Football and Rugby World cups or Winter and Summer Olympics etc.
• where flags, painted faces and traditional songs form part of the national sporting ritual

Question 6

How can political parties emphasise nationalism

Answer 6

Political parties use symbols such as the rose, lion, dragon, oak or union flag as part of their image, which appeal to particular national identities

Question 7

What can education weaken nationalism

Answer 7

• Contested values in terms of which national stories and symbols
• however, it does attempt to bring some cohesion to what is learnt

Question 8

What can sport weaken nationalism

Answer 8

• the UK is unusual in that nationalism of sport is not solely on a unified nation,
• but fragmented into Welsh, English, Irish and Scottish nations

Question 9

What can political parties weaken nationalism

Answer 9

• Not all people can or want to relate to these symbols, some even find them offensive and off-putting,
• particularly voters with international or European connections/outlook

Question 10

explain how political parties may seek to take back soverignty for nations in light of globalised organisation

Answer 10

• The idea of national identity is linked to sovereignty and view IGOs such as the World Bank, the UN, the EU and IMF, as having too much power and making unfair rules
• This is reinforced by political parties referring to ‘taking back control’ over the flow of laws, people and goods etc.

Question 11

explain how globalisation has increased the sense of nationalism within countries

Answer 11

• The pervasive nature of globalisation has increased the sense of nationalism with many countries attempting to reassert a national identity and sever the interconnectedness of countries
• e.g Brexit was a nationalist movement for the UK to leave the EU
• Building of the US/Mexico border wall

Question 12

how had globalisation changed the narrative

Answer 12

• Globalisation effectively shrinks the world and produces borderless nations
• Over time, the relevance and power of countries becomes less, producing ‘hyper-globalisation’, with a ‘one global village with global citizens’
• sharing an identity within the ‘one world’ and thereby, reducing conflict and improving opportunities

Question 13

what is fantacism

Answer 13

• There is a fine line between nationalism and fanaticism
• Fanaticism can lead to a belief that people who are seen as ‘different and living in their country’,
• are essentially wrong, improper, or inferior; whereas nationalism will recognise and value cultural differences to a point

Question 14

what can be the problems of inciting nationalism

Answer 14

• …can lead to issues of sovereignty and national independence with far reaching consequences
• The referendum on EU membership in 2016, back fired on the Conservative party when nationalism was at the forefront to the ‘leave’ campaign, appealing to many of the UK’s older citizens

Question 15

How does distinctive legal systems change national identity & loyalty

Answer 15

• In France, a person is considered guilty until they prove their innocence,
• whereas, the UK’s legal system is innocent until proven guilty
• The USA’s Constitution Bill of Rights, Second Amendment of the ‘right of the people to self-defence’ and therefore, the right to bear arms

Question 16

How does methods of governance change national identity & loyalty

Answer 16

• Britain has the right to vote for representation in Parliament
• The principles of the Magna Carta, 1215, is considered the foundation of British laws, liberties and principles and the first to identify ‘human rights’
• USA pledging alleigance to the flag & lessons in British values in the UK

Question 17

How does national character change national identity & loyalty

Answer 17

• British identity is seen as ideals of tolerance, determination, politeness and tea
• France and ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’
• • used to justify the ban of the burqa as a symbol of female oppression,
• which was incompatible with French culture and not a religious ban

Question 18

How does Landscape change national identity & loyalty

Answer 18

• The countryside can be linked to identity;
• ‘quintessential British country cottage with a thatched roof, nestled within beautiful gardens of soft colours’
• it is difficult to distinguish ‘where’ this should be - Lake District, Cotswolds etc
• Artists, poets and writers have penned a particular view of a nations countryside as a national identity
• Wordsworth’s daffodils & Lorca’s ‘Sketches of Spain’

Question 19

Give a case study example for sport strengthening national identity

Answer 19

• London 2012 - however maybe this is hort lived iwth the Scottish refrendum in 2014 & Brexit 2016

Question 20

why are questions of national identity & loyalty complex

Answer 20

• Most countries are multinational with contrasting ethnic groups (linked to migration)

Question 21

globalisation means people has mixed loyalties to their…

Answer 21

• Place of birth
• Place of current residence
• Cultural heritage

Question 22

where is national identity and loyalty generally strongest

Answer 22

• ethnically diverse areas
• due to a sense of belonging and national pride among individuals who identify with multiple cultures

Question 23

Describe the London 2011 Census data

Answer 23

• London had the highest number of people descring themsleves as British - 38%
• lowest number of people describing themselves as English - 43%
• Notably, London is the most ethnically diverse part of Britain

Question 24

How can british identity chaneg depedning on religion

Answer 24

• Christians were least likely to describe themselves as British 15%
• Most likely were sikhs

Question 25

2011 census -.....% of the population described their identity as British and ...% said British along with a nationality

Answer 25

* 19% 10%

Question 26

define cultural cohesion

Answer 26

* where different national & ethnic groups make a committment to live together as citizens of the same state

Question 27

Descibe cultural cohesion in the UK

Answer 27

* There is a split between political and cultural identity * important in reflecting British values, but also the values and beliefs of overseas family heritage * For instance, Asian families can be politically British but culturally Indian - a way of integrating into British way of life without losing a sense of Indian heritage

Question 28

Descibe cultural cohesion in the USA

Answer 28

* National identity is difficult due to a complex settler history * - Asian, Hispanic, French, black American, and white Europeans have all developed distinct cultures from each other, * yet it has become a melting pot of a single 'American culture' * The hundreds of different Native American tribes and communities predate the first settlers and retain their own indigenous culture

Question 29

What are 2 things that strengthen national identity

Answer 29

* Countries with a common language and a long history, will tend to have a stronger national identity * Countries with clear physical borders

Question 30

What are things that weaken national identity - social media

Answer 30

* Social media allows individuals to build identity through a common interest, * which may be global in extent, making the nation irrelevant

Question 31

What are things that weaken national identity -extremism

Answer 31

* Individuals may choose to reject the nation’s identity (such as those going to join IS in Syria) and if enough do this, the nation’s identity itself may be threatened * Countries with clear tribal or religious differences may lack national identity or coherence (e.g. Kenya, Nigeria, Syria), and may be exploited by extremists which may harden attitudes and identity to a sub-group, rather than to the nation

Question 32

What are things that weaken national identity -migration

Answer 32

* International migration can weaken national identity as cultures blend and may challenge the status quo, such as Sharia Law in UK