Regeneration - EQ1 - How & why do places vary? Flashcards

Question

How would you calculate the Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

Answer 1

Rs = 1 - (6 X sum of d^2) / n^3 - n

Answer 2

1. sum of d^2 2. 6 X sum of d^2 3. n 4. n^3 5. = Rs

Answer 3

* rural areas can be sites of intense food & production * mechanisation * location near to coasts, rivers, valuable natural resources * administration --> banks, courts * retail destinations

Answer 4

* changes in the population characteristics of a place

Answer 5

* information about the ethnic characteristics of a group of people

Answer 6

* distribution of various age groups in a population

Answer 7

* data about groups of people * e.g age, gender, income

Answer 8

* demographic changes & functions of places in the UK

Answer 9

* Pakistani communities settled in industrial areas - Birmingham * Jamaican migrants (Windrush) --> near Brixton & South London

Answer 10

* the process of improving a rural or urban place by making positive changes * these include development (building on brownfield sites) * renewal (improving existing buildings) * or rebranding (changing the image of a place through redesign & publicity)

Answer 11

* renewal, renovation or rebuilding of older & deteriorating buildings in order to create more up market places for middle-class residence to live in, often displacing poorer residents

Answer 12

* when an area or place attracts young graduates who are reshaping & rebranding these areas into cultural villages

Answer 13

* Physical * Accessibility & connectedness * Historical development * Local & national planning

Answer 14

* sea level rise is threatening the lives of agricultural workers, hence, possible immigration is at stake * climate change concerns are shaping policy, architecture & land-use decisions * farmlands are being deforested to create solar farms & zero-emission buildings

Answer 15

* growth of airports has facilitated migration from Eastern Europe into the UK * UK's motorway & railway network has led to declines in former major railway towns * the improvements of communication infrastructture such as fibre-optic broadband has allowed connectedness to rural-areas

Answer 16

* globalisation has made it more cost effective for manufacturing countries to transfer operations to other parts of the world e.g Asia * de-industrialisation has led to major employmment shifts in cities * migration into the UK has changed the character of cities (e.g Windrush)

Answer 17

* some rural villages risk being overrun by the expansion of urban areas e.g Milton Keynes * The govt considers building a rail link between Cambridge & Oxford, which would increase house prices & congestion between them

Answer 18

* During the 19th century, formerly busiest port in London, & globally * They were the closest docks to the City of London

Answer 19

* global shift - closure of factories * containerisation * port industry * size of ships got bigger

Answer 20

* import & export goods * e.g Surrey docks concentrated on Timber * e.g Milwall docks took grain

Answer 21

* decline with many docks becoming derelict

Answer 22

* prodominantly white ethnic groups, working class, low-skilled population, many people worked at he ports nearby within the industry

Answer 23

* poverty & deprived areas * lack of trade * lack of employment * declining services

Answer 24

* A government Agency * Property owners * Architects * Construction companies * Investors

Answer 25

* the improvement of an area is driven by the potential needs & wants of customers

Answer 26

* This was also known as market-led regeneratation, leaving the private sector * e.g the free market is able to make decisions about the future of Docklands

Answer 27

* Changes in land use with the construction of high rise office buildings, * creates high earning jobs, e.g in the quaternary sector, * which would generate other jobs, in a 'trickle down' wealth effect to poorer countries

Answer 28

* Companies now include investment banks & are in the knowledge economy

Answer 29

* The eastend is no longer one of the UK's most deprived areas, with employment having grown

Answer 30

* City airports construction provides access to the City & Canary Wharf (5km away) for business travellers, which can lead to FDI

Answer 31

* acessibility & connectedness is key to the Docklands regeneration success: * extending the Jubilee line on the London Underground * building new roads * developing the Docklands light railway

Answer 32

* Many older generations have retired to the Essex coast * Older residents have been replaced by a much young generation: * The average age of Newham's population was over 31 in 2011, comapred to the UK average of 40

Answer 33

* Ethnic composition for the East end has always been diverse, but large scale immigration since 2000 has increased * As a result, Newham is now London's most ethnically diverse borough

Answer 34

* High income earners are the minority * Poverty is still present there - in 2012, 27% of Newham's working population earned less than £7 per hour - the highest percentage of any London borough

Answer 35

* Those in poor health are often unable to worj & are concentrated un what remians low cost social housing * This has resulted in high deprivation in Newham, * inwhich it had the lowest life expectancy in London in 2012 (77 years)

Answer 36

* In regeneration, the government introduced the right to buy scheme, which gave thos eliving in ocucnil hosuing the opportunity to by their home at a reduced price * This transferred a lot of housing from the public to the private sector * Lower income people living in social hosuing have been forced out

Answer 37

* Increased hosuing supply, not of social housing, * has led to gentrification, resulting in a influx of middle class people, * from old warehouses becoming desirable & expensive. * As a result, traditional communities have been broken up

Answer 38

* centripetal forces

Answer 39

community predomiantly from strong family ties

Answer 40

* forces that push people apart

Answer 41

* Although changes are felt most strongly locally, often they are caused by centrifugal forces * such as globalisation, immigration & employment

Answer 42

* climate change influenced the development of the Hale village -one of the most sutainable developments in London: * focus for construction measures on a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through the use of passive design, energy efficiency and renewable energy measures

Answer 43

* proximity to Central London & core economic zones has aso lead to changes --> transport & gentrification

Answer 44

* brownfield sites repurposed for leaisure, residential & commercial uses, bringing new life to formerly neglected areas

Answer 45

* ln the past Tottenham was not a well conected place * However, Greater Anglia rail services, Seven sisters, Stratford, Central London * Increased accessibility lead to peope being able to commute for work, allowing businesses to move to Tottenham etc

Answer 46

* development proposal addresses the exact need of the residents, focusing regeneration on housing, transport, jobs & healthcare

Answer 47

* developments objectives contained in a 5 year plan, relectng govt's social & economic aspirations for London collectively * boosts ecomy, schemes to encourage new businesses & jobs

Answer 48

* changes in consumer trends & resident requirements overtime: * retail - the n. of shops & businesses had dramatcally increased * housing needed to be improved --> more apartment blocks * TNCs are shaping consumer demands hence characteristics of a place * cultural & heritage preservation utilised in regeneration

Answer 49

* the global shift catalysed deindustrialisation in this area

Answer 50

* increased diversity in Tottenham, has led to changes in land use

Answer 51

* In the past the physical location played a role in the function --> docks, ships, trade etc

Answer 52

* close to central London, big business districts e.g City of London - major banks, * this proximity made it an attractive option for expanding financial services

Answer 53

* proximity to the River Thames allowed for development of docks --> marinas, prmenades, public spaces, enhanced aesthetics of area --> increased QofL

Answer 54

* New transport developments: * extension of futher jubilee line provides furtehr regional connectedness - changes to influex of toursist & workers, changing social demographics * Docklands light rail - increased regional connectedness

Answer 55

* London city airport - increased global connection

Answer 56

* The area had been in decline since the 1950s, due to containerisation in the port * this led to dendustrialisation & LDDC regeneration * changes i consumer trends, residents needs, shifted to knowledge economy * they then repurposed historic buildings e.g the London Docklands museum

Answer 57

* Local planning (the govt agency), the LDCC focussed on market led regeneration * focused on housing, infratsructure, & economic growth * players like investors, construction companies, propety owvers ensured Canary Wharf is now the second CBD

Answer 58

* Inhabitatnts lead to changes like gentrification & reduced services for oler people

Answer 59

* upgraded underground & rail infrastructure * this will increase accessibility * shortened journey times will attract people, & possibly increase the n. of people in the area commuting to teritary, or knowledge economy jobs * this changes social demographic

Answer 60

* national economic policies e.g taxation, interest rates & govt spending, could incentivise certain industries tp invest & expand in an area

Answer 61

* national retail chains may expand its services, creating jobs & simulating economic activity

Answer 62

* govt funding & grants can support local initaiatives, shaping the local social & economic landscape, contributing to the development of local prorities

Answer 63

* Tottenham has been influened by EU trade policies * e.g Tottenham had access to exclsuive market facilitated trade for businesses, offering goods to the continents' market, in line for competitive tarriffs

Answer 64

* EU FDI supported economic development in infrastructure& job creation

Answer 65

* membership provided Tottenham residents with opportunities in hospitality, constructiion & healthcare as a part of regeneration * this was aided by the EU's free movement of labour

Answer 66

* Uncertainties: * changes in trade policies, border regulation & immigration could impact socio-economic landscape

Answer 67

* employment - indirect & direct jobs provided * labour force expanded - economic vitality & growth * social displacement - local businesses lost * gentrification

Answer 68

* cultural diversity * labour force - gaps filled * pressure on public & private services - social tension & lang barrier

Answer 69

Impact is complex & multifaceted Effective urban planning, community engagement & policies are essential to harnessing benefits f global influences while mitigating adverse effects

Answer 70

* The DLR Lewisham Extension, saves journey time for SE London commuters * attracting a vast amount of new workers – with technical skills needed to kick-start new industry severely lacking within the local workforce * through ease of access, therefore extensively expanding the labour pool to satisfy the demands of the growing banking which grew 96% from 1981 to 1997 * & other tertiary and quaternary industries

Answer 71

* Exponential growth of employment opportunity in the London Docklands from increased connectedness to central London and the rest of the UK, * meaning the relocation of more affluent young workers have fuelled the gentrification of the area & raised the standard of housing, leisure and the overall atmosphere of local community, * demonstrated in the average property prices of £615,000 in 2017

Answer 72

* The connection to Waterloo provides a direct link to the Eurostar International Rail Terminal ---> causing increased connectedness to & from Europe * allowing for economic change as more business with Europe takes place, but demographic change as it becomes more open to migration from Europe * 1991-2000 - 19,888 migrated into the Docklands ---> growth of new industry and increased openness and connectedness not only to the south of England, but with Europe

Answer 73

* Construction of the London City airport - globalisation and increased business with the rest of the world – the focus of which was certainly headed by the relocation of the HSBC and other global banks in Canary Wharf, * shaping the economic characteristic as one built around banking and finance. * Increased global connectedness may even have further shaped the economic characteristics to account for services and hotels to account for businessmen, with the establishment of many recognisable hotel chains e.g Hilton

Answer 74

* Regional development policies or attempts to increase interaction between settlement in a region

Answer 75

* Impact of policies from central government, or expansion/demise of a business that has a national presence

Answer 76

* Impact of EU policies or international trade agreements

Answer 77

* Impact of TNCs in the area or impact of migration

Answer 78

- Class - working-class population (due to factories) - Ethnicity - Predominantly White - Religion - High proportion of people from the Jewish community - Age - Economically active - employed in the factories

Answer 79

* Ethnically diverse - large proportion of people who are classified as Black/Black * British (26.7%) and White (22.3%) * Class - High percentage of working-class residents * Age - High proportion of elderly dependents, 25-29 years old = highest, 15-19 years * old = families/studentification - university accommodation * Gender - balanced

Answer 80

* Industrial - factories (brewery, floor-cloth factory, tobacco) * Residential

Answer 81

* White Hart Lane Stadium (sports-led regeneration) £400 million * Retail/Commercial - Tottenham Hale retail park inc ASDA & WALMART american tncs- * Improvements to White Hart Lane Station (overground £30 million upgrade with step free access platfroms) * Tottenham Hale (Victoria Line, National Rail to Liverpool St/Stratford, and Stansted Express) * Residential - Over 1,000 homes built * Recreation/Open Space - Power League, Down Lane Park * Hospitality - Restaurants, Premier Inn (hotel) * Education - LAE (London Academy of Excellence) * Healthcare - New health care centre was built

Answer 82

* 2011 Riots - tension between the police and local community * High levels of crime/gang activity (compared to the rest of Haringey) * High levels of poverty/low-income households/unemployment ---> increased demand for social housing (housing is expensive for many on low and middle incomes, and house prices are increasing) * High levels of deprivation * Deindustrialisation as a result of the global shift → economic decline * Poor quality infrastructure including social housing (→ sink estates e.g. * Broadwater Farm, Ferry Lane, Northumberland Park Estate)

Answer 83

* Local Council - London Borough of Haringey * National Government * Mayor of London (and office) * Tottenham Hotspur Football Club * Other events at the stadium: NFL, Formula One * Transport for London (TfL) * Development firms e.g. UNITE (Student Housing), * TNCs e.g. TK Maxx, JD Sports, Aldi, NFL * Construction Firms * Residents & Community Groups (The Conservation Volunteers [TCV], Friends Group + open space/recreation) * Local business - e.g. D W General Wood Machinists Ltd (local wood company from 1900s)

Answer 84

* sports-led regeneration - Tottenham Hotspur Football Club had set out and was negotiating plans to build a new stadium * a growing waiting list for season tickets and commercial pressures to increase income to compete with their rivals both on and off the football pitch * the stadium project was part of wider regeneration going on in Tottenham that followed on from prolonged rioting that occurred in the area in the summer of 2011

Answer 85

* proposed a public square, new retail facilities, w homes on the site of the existing football ground, * establishment of a university technical college * an increased role for the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation - a charity connected to the football club, (THFC website: new stadium plans) * As part of the stadium project, Haringey Council also proposed to build a walkway to connect the new stadium with a redeveloped train station on the other side of the High Road

Answer 86

* Tottenham Hotspur Spur Football Club - £400 million * May of London Regeneration fund £28 million * Haringey council £13 milion * Landowners * TNCS like F1 & NFL

Answer 87

* Local residents and owners of businesses, esp those under threat of compulsory purchase orders for their property, became a further important trigger for these stakeholders to devise strategies to gain greater influence on the stadium-led regeneration plans * "social engineering", "social cleansing" and "gentrification" * These issues were part of the context of the regeneration and the potential for the same resentment over the lack of social or affordable housing still exists

Answer 88

* Concerns over governance and transparency * Many local people felt excluded from the planning process * The feelings of exclusion were increased when it was confirmed that local councillors had attended a property conference in Cannes in 2014 with property developers covering some of the costs,

Answer 89

* The High Road West consultation in Spring 2013 * Many of these stakeholders then understood that within the regeneration plans set out by Haringey Council for the area there were no plans for refurbishment of buildings, with only differing levels of demolition offered as part of the consultation * Council decided that a petition containing 1,000s of names made by local businesses and residents could not form part of the formal consultation process. * This triggered stakeholders to mobilise through larger groups, alliances and networks, combined with other strategies, in order to try to gain salience with Haringey Council and Tottenham Hotspur FC

Answer 90

* Individuals decided to highlight their issues with posters that expressed strong dissent about the stadium-led regeneration plans, using a cockerel, showing they possessed too much power with Haringey Council, with the poster campaign going up in the vicinity of the football ground * Consequently, Tottenham Hotspur FC invited the Our Tottenham group for a meeting, which did not make any progress in terms of the demands from both parties pov * However, by inviting the Our Tottenham group into the stadium for the meeting, the football club implicitly recognised its legitimacy, which added to the power of the group and generated a degree of urgency to their campaigning

Answer 91

* proposals to stand in local council elections * legal action against the council to challenge consultation processes * lobbying, protesting, planning, support alternative planning ideas * supporting groups and networks

Answer 92

* Some Haringey councillors later reconsidering their own positions in 2014 on the original planning permission that had been granted to the football club in 2011 * This shows that an alliance of relatively weak stakeholders representing multiple perspectives could convince more powerful stakeholders, such as legislators, of the desirability of that alliance's position

Answer 93

* Its network of over 50 affiliated community groups during the period covered by this research. * Increasing collective power through a process of mobilisation in which organisations, realising their limitations, pooled resources to secure a common goal

Answer 94

* greater community and stakeholder involvement * effective use of a stadium scheme as a community asset * stadium-linked housing development to be of mixed tenure * transparency, in line with the Local Government Transparency Code, 2014

Answer 95

* It should also be noted that on 16.12.15, conditions were put into the agreed planning application for the stadium in Tottenham by Haringey Council to include the establishment and maintenance by the football club of a Business and Community Liaison Construction Group during the building of the stadium and all linked developments. * This did not go as far as compelling the football club or any other focal organisations to hold any regular meetings with community groups, but did require some degree of engagement through providing information in various forms to the local residents and businesses. * Such engagement had not been included in the previous planning permission granted in 2011, so was an improvement for stakeholders on the previous position.

Answer 96

* Community participation can bring feelings of autonomy, fulfilment and purpose together with some ownership of the developments

Answer 97

* Involving stakeholders through providing them with genuine means to influence stadium-led regeneration through the attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency may seem problematic to some focal organisations, * but, perhaps counter-intuitively, it can lead to fewer triggers towards mobilisation and other strategies of stakeholder action * However within a democracy governed by the rule of law, possessing power, legitimacy and urgency may not be enough to win all of the arguments

Regeneration - EQ1 - How & why do places vary? Flashcards

(122 cards)