Globalisation - EQ2 - What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups of people and cultures and the physical environment? Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Reasons for growth in globalisation in Bangalore, India
A
- The movement of manufacturing from Europe & USA to Asian countries, meant TNCs began outsourcing - call centres
- As most people speak English & there is high levels of broadband connectivity
- India has close political links with the UK & English as its second language
2
Q
Name examples of US TNCS which have located in Bangalore India
A
Dell, Intel & Yahoo
3
Q
What are the social benefits of globalisation for the people of Bangalore India
A
- Increased income
- Entertainment & leisure facilities (24 hour shopping malls)
- improved Q of L
4
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the people of Bangalore India
A
- Exploitation of workers
- Widened rich & poor gap - increase in the gini coefficient
- Increased percentage of people living in poverty (more than that of Africa as a continent)
5
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for the environment of Bangalore India
A
improved infrastructure - reduces the impacts of pollution
6
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the environment of Bangalore India
A
- exploitation of raw materials & resources - pollutants from mining & factories
- air & water pollution from materials burnt in factories
7
Q
Reasons for growth in Guangdong Province, China
A
- The movement of manufacturing from Europe & USA to Asian countries, meant TNCs began manufacturing in new areas
- Trade liberalisation
- Better electronic communication
8
Q
Name 2 examples of TNCs who have relocated to Guangdong Province, China
A
Nike
Apple
9
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for the people of Guangdong Province, China
Incomes
A
- Over 300 million people in China are now considered middle class
- Disposable income increased
- Many can cope with low incomes in rural areas due to an increase in remittance payments
10
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for the people of Guangdong Province, China
Education
A
- Education is free & compulsory between the ages of 6 & 15
- 15 times more people are graduating from university than in 2000
- this creates a more skilled workforce for the Chinese economy’s expanding knowledge & service sectors
11
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the people of Guangdong Province, China
A
- Air pollution - respiratory issues
- Increase in shanty towns & illegal farmland - unplanned settlements
- Big rural-urban wage divide
12
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for transport in Guangdong Province, China
A
- Produced the world’s largest highway system (2016) - reduces emissions
- High Speed Rail - world’s longest train system, increasing connectivity
- 82 airports have been built since 2000 - 2/3 of the world’s top 12 airports by Freight Tonnage are in China
13
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the environment of Guangdong Province, China
agriculture
A
- Only 7.2% of farmland remains
- Loss of productive farmland - 3 million hectares of heavy farmland have been polluted with heavy metals - 12 million tonnes of heavy grain were polluted in 2014
14
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the environment of Guangdong Province, China
biodiversity
A
Loss of biodiversity - 1/2 of China’s 2400 populations of nearly 700 vertebrae species were demolished
15
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the environment of Guangdong Province, China
water
A
- 70% of rivers & lakes in China are polluted
- 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages
16
Q
Describe the history of deindustrialisation in Leicester, UK
1920
A
In the 1920s, over 30,000 people worked in Leicester’s textile mills
17
Q
Describe the history of deindustrialisation in Leicester, UK
1960
A
By the 1960s, one factory supplying knitwear employed 6500 workers alone
18
Q
Describe the history of deindustrialisation in Leicester, UK
1970
A
- However by the 1970s, overseas competition meant that cheaper clothes were available from Asia
- Many jobs were lost in Leicester as factories closed resulting in deindustrialisation
19
Q
Name 3 TNCs that have located to Leicester, UK
A
HYPE
Boohoo
ASOS
20
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for the people of Leicester, UK
A
Very diverse cultural mix - old industrial areas contain large ethnic populations
21
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the people of Leicester, UK
A
- 1980s declining populations - now populations are increasing and the amenities available cannot keep up
- Many inner city areas became run down, with low cost housing, resulting in crime & anti-social behaviour
- Risks of unemployment & redundancy of skilled workers from deindustrialisation
22
Q
What are the benefits of globalisation for the environment of Leicester, UK
A
Regeneration of brownfield sites for new projects or developments
less factories –} less carbon emissions
23
Q
What are the costs of globalisation for the environment of Leicester, UK
A
Much of the derelict industrial land was contaminated from the previous dumping of chemical waste, or from domestic manufacturing such as coal from industrial waste disposal
24
Q
Explain how some communities in developing countries have experienced major environmental problems
Air & Water Pollution (China)
A
- In the Hunan Province in China, many people were poisoned by the lead-emitting manganese smelter (one of China’s biggest exports)
- 70% of China’s rivers & lakes are now polluted - water is not even fit for irrigation
25
Explain how some communities in developing countries have experienced major environmental problems
Land degradation (China)
As a result of deforestation & over grazing, 40% of China's farmland is suffering from degradation
26
Explain how some communities in developing countries have experienced major environmental problems
Over-exploitation of resources (China)
China's resources cannot keep up with its demand so they now exploit land in Latin America & parts of Africa
27
Explain how some communities in developing countries have experienced major environmental problems
Loss of biodiversity (Indonesia)
More mammal species are threatened in Indonesia than any other country
28
How has the global shift impacted people in a developed country?
-positive impacts (air)
-Less air pollution ----} less respiratory problems
29
How has the global shift impacted people in a developed country?
-negative impact (unemployment)
-Rising unemployment in the secondary sector ---}
1.increase in crime so a decrease in quality of life
2. increase in welfare benefits so an increase in government spending
30
How has the global shift impacted people in a developed country?
-negative impact (brownfield sites)
* Increase in abandoned factories:
* water pollution from toxic chemical leaks
* visual pollution
31
How has the global shift impacted people in a developed country?
-positive impact (brownfield sites)
Brownfield sites can be converted into housing:
-reduces deforestation---} protects habitats & biodiversity---} protects a carbon sink
32
Describe Detroit's early manufacturing years
* Birthplace of the US motor industry (secondary sector)
* TNCs such as Ford & General Motors broughts jobs & prosperity, resulting in nearly 2 million inhabitants
33
Describe how Detroit became deindustrialised
* As TNCs faced competition from auto manufacturers in Japan (cheaper labour, technologically advanced, growing economy)
* Detroit endured a population decline by 25% between 2002-2012.
* Many abandoned factories & homes remain
34
What are the negative economic impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit
* 62,000 homes were sold in 2015 due to high debt.
* People leaving for more affluent nearby cities, left a poorer population behind and therefore declined the local taxes.
* 2013 city left Bankrupt
* Drug-related crime is now the basis of an informal economy
35
What are the negative social impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit
* Detroiters die up to 16 years sooner than their affluent Suburban neighbours
* Declining education system due to lack of investment
* rise in gun crime, arson & vandalism
36
In Detroit, between 2000-10 General motors sales _______, due to a shift in manufacturing to overseas
Halved
37
This depopulation was also linked to race, many called It the ‘___________', during the 60's
The whites tended to be the more affluent who could afford to move to suburbs.
White Flight
38
What was the ‘White Flight’ in the 60s in Detroit
The whites tended to be the more affluent who could afford to move to suburbs.
39
tWhat was the impact ‘White Flight’ in the 60s in Detroit
* Depopulation
* Widen the wealth gap between different racial groups, meaning white citizens were at an economic advantage
40
What are the 3 reasons why urban areas are growing
* natural increase
* migration
* the reclassification of urban areas
41
Urbans areas grow by natural increase by ....%
60
42
Urban areas grow by migration by ....%
30
43
Urban areas grow by the reclassification of urban areas by ....%
10
44
Define 'core region'
where most wealth is produced
45
Define 'periphery region'
areas distant from the core markets
46
Define Centripetal migration
movement of people, directed towards the centre of urban areas
47
In what locations do squatter settlements usually develop
rubbish dumps
cemeteries
floodplains
48
What are the social issues megacities face
* overcrowding
* overpopulation
* crime
* food & water insecurity
* congestion
* diseases
49
What are the environmental issues megacities face
* air pollution
* increase in waste
* water contamination
* environmental degradation
* urban sprawl
50
What are the economics issues megacities face
rich/poor divide grows
job competition
51
Define 'elite migrant'
highly skilled & affluent migrants who are sought after for investment/skills
52
Define 'low-wage migrants'
cheap labour workers who come to fill manual unskilled labour shortages
53
Characteristics of an 'elite migrant'
* come from countries with high levels of inequality
* social/ cultural status
* seek switched on locations
* bring lots of money & often skills
* multiple homes in different countries
54
When did Russian Oligarchs become rich
Very quickly in the 1990s, when the USSR economy collapsed, & they were entrepreneurs owning infrastructure & media sources
55
What are 2 actions Russian Oligarchs take to keep their wealth
* Operate with Putin, as otherwise he would make conditions less favourable for them
* Russian businessmen prefer to keep assets abroad to avoid them being taken by the state (e.g football clubs)
56
What percentage of foreign purchases of residential property in London was Russian
35%
57
# Russian Oligarchs
Between 2004-2013, they contributed £........ billion in bonds & loands
£250
58
Advantages of Russian Oligarchs in London
* Can create ethnic enclaves, in sought after rich areas
* Can encourage further FDI
* Deepens global links
* AT Kearney index will increase for London
59
Disadvantages of Russian Oligarchs in London
* can increase house prices
* tension between culture & groups
60
Over .....% of UAE's 9.2 million population is made up of migrant workers
80%
61
Which job sectors do migrant workers work in in the UAE
secondary & tertiary
62
What job exploitation do UAE workers experience
Work on $5 a day working 12 hour shifts under lax health & safety laws
63
What is an intervening obstacle for migrant workers to the UAE
Their entry is tied to manual work, so a visa is granted, meaning they risk being deported when their contract ends
64
UAE migrant workers send US$....billion home to India annually
15
65
Define economic interdependency
Some sectors rely heavily on migrant workers & likewise many countries rely on remittances
66
Give 2 examples of economic interdependency
* During the UK's 2009 financial crisis, Estonia’s economy shrank by 13%
* During Covid the UK experienced a shortage of workers as a consequence of Brexit (eg drivers, healthcare, farmers)
67
What is Friedman’s 1990 theory
‘Golden arches theory of conflict prevention’
68
Explain Friedman’s ‘Golden arches theory of conflict prevention’,1990
Countries with interlinking economies would maintain good social & political relations
69
Define source nation
Countries from which a migrant leaves
70
Define host nation
Countries which a migrant moved to
71
Examples of migration causing anti globalisation
Movements
Antiglobalisation movements e.g Brexit led to UK leaving the EU
72
Examples of migration causing anti globalisation
Tension
Tensions between groups due to illegal migration & refugee crisis e.g EU nations wished to install steel barriers to reduce the global flow of people from Syria e.g Hungary
73
Examples of migration causing anti globalisation
Manufacturing
Global shift in manufacturing e.g emigration from Detroit
74
Examples of migration causing anti globalisation
Anti migration movement
Mexico-US migration - Trump’s build a wall campaign - basis for discrimination
75
Define internal migration
The movement of population within a country, eg rural to urban migration
76
Define International migration
The movement of people between countries - immigration and emigration
77
Define economic migrant
* A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment.
* Migrants who already have a job may have moved in search of better wages, more regular pay, promotion etc
78
Define rural-urban migration
Moving from the city to the countryside within a country
79
Define urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
80
Define natural increase
* Population is increasing due to the difference between death rate and birth rate
* Usually higher in urban areas in developing countries
81
Define Intervening obstacles
Restrictions/ barrier to a migrant such as a political border or physical features
(deserts, mountains, and rivers)
82
Where is Karachi located
South coast of Pakistan
83
What was the population of Karachi in 2021
20+ million people
84
What are the urban pull factors to Karachi
* better infrastructure
* better transport
* more employment (containerisation creating jobs)
* tertiary (retail & banking) & secondary sector jobs
* really good unis - medicine, business & technology - furthering the quaternary sector
85
What are the rural push factors to Karachi
Poverty
Poor transport
Poor infrastructure
86
What are the features of a peripheral region
-labour & goods
* add to the traditional flows of commodities and raw materials
* Manufacturing has risen here due to cheaper labour
* Owns and consumes 20% of global goods and services
87
peripheral regions make up .....% of the global population
75%
88
# `
What are the features of a peripheral region
-economy
* Makes very few decisions about the global economy
* Provides very little global investment
* Earn low incomes - 2.5 billion people live on less than $2 per day
89
What are the features of a core region
* Owns and consumes 80% of global goods and services
* Earns the highest incomes (tertiary & quaternary)
* Manufacturing has fallen but profit from dictating new production lines
* Provides most global investment
* Makes most decisions about the global economy
90
Pull factors to Core regions
* Better services, ie. education, health & entertainment
* Remittances (money sent home)
* Better housing
* Better quality of life
* Better paid jobs
* Better opportunities
* Global investment goes to urban centres
91
Push factors from peripheral regions
* Rural poverty
* Drought & flooding
* Low pay/ under-employment
* Lack of investment
* Lack of opportunities
* Degradation of farmland
* Scarcity of goods/ resources
92
What are the intervening obstacles between urban-rural migration
* natural barriers (bodies of water & deserts)
* political barriers (visas, war & conflict)
* distance
* economic
* language
93
Benefits of international migration for source country
* remittances - reduces poverty with $15 billion returned to India annually, deepening political ties (influencing migration policies) between nations
* population decrease - less competition for jobs & housing
94
Benefits of international migration for host country
* more economically active 17-24 year olds - more output - more tax payers & more disposable income- more govt investment
* greater diversity & cultural mix
* investment from elite migrants e.g Russian Oligarchs
95
Cost of international migration for source country
* Brain drain
* Less taxes paid - decrease in govt spending
* Decline in economically active -population/ demographic imbalance - increase in the dependency ratio
96
Costs of international migration for host country
Overpopulation
Food insecurity
Competition for resources
Job competition
Increased waste and environmental degradation
Poverty
Crime
New cultures - discrimination (political divide/ radicalisation)
97
Benefits of international migration for source country
* More workers (economically/ labour active) --> more disposable income -->more output ---> more tax-payers --> more government investment
* greater cultural mix (diversity)
* investment from elite migrants
98
Name 5 cultural traits
* language
* food
* clothing
* religion & beliefs
* traditions & customs
99
define cultural erosion
the changing & loss of culture in an area, such as the loss of language & traditional food
100
define cultural diffusion
the spread of one culture to another by various means
101
Define Westernistation
the process of global culture being dominated by (especially) the USA, & Europe
102
What is westernisation sometimes referred to as
cultural imperialism - the idea of a superpower imposing their ideas & values on the less powerful
103
Give 5 examples evidencing global diffusion
TNCs
Western Clothing
Coercion
Migration
Cultural imperialism
104
How does disney partake in cultural diffusion
By providing...
* foreign goods & services which creates similar tastes & consumption of western goods globally
105
How does disney partake in cultural diffusion
promote...
promote consumerism by advertising & selling western products which local people haven't previously had or needed
106
How does disney partake in cultural diffusion
increase..
increase Western brand awareness & familiarity with Western values
107
How does disney partake in cultural diffusion
TNCs introduce...
TNCs introduce western policies & can influence governments to as well
108
How does disney partake in cultural diffusion
(Adapting to certain cultures)
glocalisation
109
Tourism is dominated by...
western people who have the income to enjoy luxury holidays
110
What do tourists increase (in terms of cultural diffusion)
* Increase consumption & demand for Western goods which reflect their values & tastes
* these goods become available & present for locals too
111
How do tourists cause replacements (cultural diffusion)
Tourists demand services & products in resorts that replace traditional buildings (architecture), artefacts, economic activity, traditions & way of life
112
How do tourists verbally cause cultural diffusion
by spreading views, ideas & especially language (e.g new Western phrases & vocabulary)
113
The media is dominated by ........ TNCs
western
114
How to do TNCs promote western values in the media
by focusing on western news stories & interpret them in a more western way
115
How can the real feel and soul of a culture be lost
* the real feel and soul of a culture is in their language & expression,
* but it is often lost in translation by global broadcasters - common global vocab (western phrases replacing vocab)
116
What is the belief of hyperglobalisers
* a global culture will take over
* cultures will become more integrated as economies do, resulting in homogenous culture
117
What is the belief of transformationalists
* globalisation will transform culture but not completely takeover
* a homogenous culture is not inevitable
* all culture will change but new hybrid cultures will evolve
118
what is the belief of sceptics on globalisation
* a global culture won't takeover, globalization is mainly about economics,
* some cultures may be marginalized
* but there is cultural heterogeneity
119
What were the agents of cultural diffusion in the early 1900s
-The colonisation of Papau New Guinea
* The island became a partly British and partly German colony in 1884.
* By 1905 British New Guinea had come under the control of Australia
* and the country gained its independence in 1975.
120
What cultural erosion took place as a result of the early colonization of Papua New Guinea
intergration
* They experienced political, social and economic integration
* Missionaries and administrators suppressed tribal warfare
* to allow freedom of movement, and integrated villages into the colonial economy as plantation workers and helpers.
121
What cultural erosion took place as a result of the early colonization of Papua New Guinea
beliefs
Missionary activities also led to the spread of Christianity and western education
122
What cultural erosion took place as a result of the early colonization of Papua New Guinea
class
Class differences emerged as educated parents with good jobs provided for their children's future.
123
What cultural erosion took place as a result of the early colonization of Papua New Guinea
language
Increasing intermarriage between different cultural groups meant that many couples failed to pass on their native language to their children, alienating the village kin, and in places direct cultural conflict has taken place.
124
What were the agents of cultural diffusion in the late 20th century in Papua New Guinea?
Mine
In 1964 the discovery of copper on the island of Bougainville resulted in the construction of a giant copper mine.
125
What was the response of the Papua New Guinea people to the establishment of a copper mine in 1964
* It was argued that the profits from the mine would benefit all of Papa New Guinea
* Bouganvilleans were suspicious of the motives of the Australians and Rio Tinto(The British TNC that establish the mine)
* They were also resentful of the mainland Papa New Guineans who were brought in to work than mine
126
How did the construction of the mine in the late 20th century in Papua New Guinea result in major conflict
* In November 1988 a guerrilla operation, suspicious of the mine's motivations began, becoming the BougainvilleRevolutionary Army (BRA)
* The conflict continued throughout the 1990s and it has been difficult for the police who have been fighting against their fellow citizens
* The nation's 'law and order' problem is multi-faceted but attacks by youthful gangs come of outbreaks of rioting and looting, and the resurgence of tribal warfare on major sources of disorder and misery
127
In 2019, what percentage of Bougainvilleans voted for independence from Papua New Guinea
98%
128
How many cultural groups are estimated to exist in Papua New Guinea, meaning there is many different cultural forms of art, dance, weaponry, costumes, singing, music and architecture
7000
129
Describe the way of life of many in Papua New Guinea
* People typically live in villages or dispersed hamlets and rely on the subsistence farming of yams and taro.
* To balance their diet, people hunt, collect wild plants, and fish, which are highly thought of skills
130
What was Irans’s policy in the early 2000s against cultural diffusion
* Islamic government banned & confiscated barbie dolls due to the image being un-Islamic
* it has since been restored as International cooperation is more essential & Iranian youths were already accessing banned social media sites e.g twitter
131
What was France’s policy in the early 2000s against cultural diffusion
* The government excluded culture from its trade agreements
* It limited how much foreign culture could be broadcasted
* 40% of all shows had to be French, with no more than 55% American Film imports
132
How has the UN & IGO recognised places around the world with unique physical & cultural significance
Since 1972, over 1000 UNESCO world heritage sites have been recognised
133
What is the importance of UNESCO world heritage sites
Policies have been implemented to ensure their protection from too much change
134
Advantages of Cultural Diffusion (global culture)
* Best bits of all culture get to be shared and enjoyed in the 'melting pot'
* Freedom - no longer just confined to the postcode lottery culture of where you were born/live
* New opportunities for disadvantaged groups and minorities
* Often culture hasn't become homogeneous but hybrid so not that damaging (retains parts of local culture)
135
Disadvantages of Cultural Diffusion (global culture)
* Cultural Erosion
* Western values clash with certain cultures & regions leading to tension
* Western views on liberalism and food can lead to problems with sexualisation of people & obesity
* Tension likely between young people (more likely to accept western values through social media etc.) and older generations
* Nations may isolate themselves and cut themselves off to protect culture and identity (nationalism and North Korea)
136
Who is Robert Murdoch
* Entrepreneur who own many global media outlets
* Owns 101Australian Newspapers, 4 UK daily newspapers, Fox Studios/TV & channels across Eastern Europe
137
Name 3 ways China monitors cultural erosion
* FDI - TNCs share their culture with China stemming from the Open Door Policy 1978
* Movie screening/ film industry - 35 film rule
* Censorship- social media platform replacements e.g we chat replaces WhatsApp
138
When did the first organised event for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place
On the opening day of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
139
How can sports events and technology lead to cultural diffusion
Sports events can be televised and published about on a global scale via the internet & fibre optics e.g premier league & world cup
140
Aim of the Paralympics in its establishment
The aim was to create an elite sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to & straight after the Olympic Games, using the same facilities.
141
The success of the Paralympic movement alongside the globalisation of sports by key players such as the International Olympic Committee shows how...
globalisation can create new opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
