Migration - EQ1 - 8.1 How has globalisation increase migration? Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
define economic system
A
- a means by which governmets organise & distribute resourves, services & goods across a region or country including land, capital or labour
2
Q
define globalisation
A
- the process by which the world becomes increasungly interconected and dependent on one another,
- so people, culture, goods and finance transfer between counries with fewer barriers
3
Q
give 2 past examples of how globalisaion has formed past connections
A
- Trade - the Silk Road trade routes covered over 6400 km across Asia to Europe from the 2nd century BCE until the mid-15th century. These routes were central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the East and West
- Colonialism - during the 19th century, the British Empire controlled 25% of the world’s peoples
4
Q
Globalisation has led to an increase in both
A
- internal & international migration
5
Q
As of 2014, ……….. million people lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth (approx. ….% of
the global population).
A
- 230
- 3-4
6
Q
Most international migration is ……………., like ……………..
A
- Most international migration is regionalised, like Mexicans to America or Poland to Germany
7
Q
what has globalisation been responsible for changes in
A
- Global transport systems
- Global economic systems
- Patterns of demand for labour
- Rural-urban migration within countries
- International migration
- Exploitation of global resources and rise of the transnational corporations (TNCs)
- Global finance
- Global communications
8
Q
How can the level of globalisation be measured
A
- Economic - exports and imports as a proportion of GDP
- Social - internet users as a proportion of the population
- Political - membership of international organisations
- Physical - availability of resources for exploitation (oil, wood, coal, gold, cotton etc.)
9
Q
explain how international migration has changed overtime
A
- The number of people migrating internationally has risen rapidly
- 1950 to 2015 –> global population grew rapidly from 2.5 billion to 7.3 billion
- 1990s –> international migration occurred mainly to world destinations like New York and Paris
- Present Day –> many cities in developing countries (e.g. Mumbai and Lagos) have become major hubs for migration
10
Q
who are the different types of migrants
A
- voluntary economic migration
- refugees
- asylum seekers
- environmental refugees
- international students
11
Q
how does international migration occur through voluntary economic migration
A
- people relocate to try and improve their wealth & quality of life
- often an economic migrants family may follow them in the aim of joining their family
12
Q
how does international migration occur through refugees
A
- people forced to relocate due to war, conflict, perseuction
13
Q
how does international migration occur through aslym seekers
A
- people fleeing their country for residence for international protection by another government
14
Q
how does international migration occur through environmental refugees
A
- people specfifically relocating due to tectonic disaster, natural hazards or climate change’s impacts
15
Q
how does international migration occur through international students
A
- Within recent years, there has been a large increase in the volume of young people migrating to study elsewhere
16
Q
how does international migration occur through irregular migrants
A
- a person who enters a country without a valid visa or permit from that country, or who had overtsyaed the duration or a visa, or its been cancelled
17
Q
The flows of international migration will continue to change over time, as ……..
events occur and a country’s……
A
- environmental,
political and economic - development
improves or declines
18
Q
why has globalisation led to an increase in internal migration
A
- the advancement of transport networks to allow people to travel easily to live, work and visit other places
- Rapid industrialisation of countries such as China and India have created a high demand for workers and has been met, in part, by rural-urban migration
19
Q
In short, globalisation increased the demand for international migration through a rise in ….
A
a rise in global trading has encouraged a recent rise in international migrants
20
Q
How has increased globalisation led to increased international migration
A
- Significant changes in the global economic system have increased disparities of wealth between different areas of the world
- This has altered patterns of worker demand and increased iternational migration, with people seeking a better way of life
- Capital investments in emerging market economies (EME) and LDEs has created demand for workers in construction and services, which drives international migration
- This increases in international trade has resulted in the same companies (TNCs and MNCs) operating in more than one country and employing international corporate management
- Migration has led to increased remittances being sent nationally and internationally
21
Q
hwo had globalisation encouraged internal migration
A
- Mechanisation of agricultural systems creating a loss of jobs - push factor
- Landgrabs by government and agribusinesses forcing people out of their homes and jobs - push factor but also a pull for investors
- Investments in trade - imports and exports increasing the opportunities of jobs - pull factor
22
Q
Internal migration gives rise to a ….
A
national core-periphery system developing which is strengthened overtime
23
Q
what is the negative impact of national core-periphery system
A
- Uneven economic growth; where one ‘core’ region has a greater ‘pull’ than another cores
- Collectively the flows of investment, resource allocation, and people is known as the ‘backwash effect’
- This is where people, investments and resources are re-directed from the periphery to core regions
- Typically, this is the rural-urban migration pattern, but can be urban to urban or rural to rural, it just depends on the dominance (pull) of one ‘core’ over another
24
Q
what are the advantages of english football attracting overseas players
A
- higher ticket prices
- sponsorships
- successful clubs gain global popularity
- contributes to higher standards in the league
25
Give an example of a PL player being charitable cos of international migration
* remittance payments -->
* Crystal Palace's Zaha donates 10% of his monthly salary to charities that help those in need in his native Ivory Coast.
26
Disadvantages of English football attracting overseas players
* athletic talent is viewed as a commodity -->
* movement of players 'muslce drain' is deskilling African clubs of thei rmost talented players
* domestic players lose out and end up playing in lower leagues
* high ticket demand is unaffordable for loyal fans --> isolation :(
27
when did rural-urban migration start in China
* Rapid industrialisation occurred in China after the government created Special Economic Zones (SEZ) during the 1980s
* These policies allowed for foreign investment into 'special zones' that are separated areas, managed by a single administration and with its own regulations
28
Describe the exent of rural-urban mingration in China
* 1980 - 80% of Chinese people lived in rural areas
* 2012 - 51% lived in urban
* 200 million rural migrants now work in Shanghai and Shenzhen
* 20 million people arriving in cities each year
* an estimated 60% of Chinese people will live in urban areas by 2030
29
what is the barrier to urban-rural migration in China
* hukou system
30
what is the hukou system
* 1950s communist govt introudve restrictions on internal migration to keep people in rural areas
* everyone is registered at an official residence
31
why is the hukou system restrictive
* very difficult for migrant workerd from rural locations to change their official residence to a new location
* buying a permanet & being reigisterd is expensive
* thus only highly educated people or those with genertaional ties can move
32
what are the donwsides of the hukou system being so restrictive
* without a permit, hukou workers earn less and their families have no entitlement to schooling or healthcare
* 2/3 of workers are men - children and women stay rural --> inequalities
* during public holidays pressure on transport is intense
33
What is the EU schengen agreement
* 1995 - abolished many of the internal border controls within 26 EU countries
* The UK never signed this agreement
34
The EU Schengen Agreement is different to the ....
* EUs right of free movement for EU citizens, make sure you do not confuse them
35
advantages of EU schengen agreement
* over 14 million now live in a nother member state - 2.8% of eu pop
* this has helped to fill job vanancies and given some access to labour pools
* diasporas of culture
* remittances
36
dsiadvantages of EU schengen agreement
* gives easy access to cheaper labour undercutting domestic workers and loweirng wages
* has made it easier for resients outside teh UK to travel to high labour demand countries like Germany
37
what has caused a rethink of the EU schengen agreement
* 2015 - 1 million syrian refugees travelled into EU via hungary
* terrorist attacks in Paris 2015
38
Explain who border controls have been rethought recently
* 6 schengen countries - Germany, France, Austria, Seden, Denmark & Norway reintroudced internal border controls
39
.....% of all international migrants are refugees or assylum seekrs
10%
40
where is the majority of international migration
* Most international migration is to highly developed economies (HDE) - 64% in 2017
* Half of all international migrations are to one of 10 countries
* The US has more international migrants than any other at 51 million in 2020
41
Female migration has steadily.................., with women making up the...
Female migration has steadily **increased (50%)**, with women making up the **majority of contract workers in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia**
42
The level of international migration varies between countries due to...
differing migration policies and levels of global economic engagement
43
Describe Japan's population decline
* 27% are aged over 65
* working population us duet to fall to 44 million by 2037
44
What percentage of Japan's population is migrant
* 1.7%
45
what do igos suggest about Japans economy
* Economies tend to average 5% of migrant workers - IMF
* Japan needs 17 million migrants to maintain population at 2007 levels by 2050- UN
46
What is Japan's attitude towards migration
- closed door mindset
- many think increasinging migration would disrupt society and increase crime
- restricting migration they feel helps to avoid social issues and conflicts
47
give 2 examples of japans closed minset to immiggration
* 2008 finanical crisis - fferred foreign born resientds money to leave
* naturalisation process - when babies are born to parents born abroad they are not automatically citizens
48
what is Australia's mindeset on immigration
* skills based immigration policy
* 70% of migrants are accepted based on skills
49
where do most Austrlian migrants live
- in big cities e.g Melborune with the norris nuts
50
are migrants viewed as good thing in australia
* immigrants are not an economic burden
* on averae each migrant contributes 10% more capita to Australia's GDP each year than non-migrants
51
what is the impact on demographics of immigration to australia
* australia has an ageing population
* but migrants offset numbers due to retire - otherwise pressure on social & medical cae would exist as in Japan
52
temporary movement such as .... is not counted as migration
tourism
53
What is Lee's model of migration
* places of irigins have both push and pull factors
* migration occurs when the balance of push and pull factors is strong enough to overcome intervening obstacles
54
Give 3 examples of signficant historical migration
* forced migration of Africans to the Americas in the transatlantic salve trade 16th to 19th century
* refugees fleeing afghanistan war 1980s
* end of ww2 8 million refugees in europe
55
Acording to Lee's model of migration, what might patterns of migration change in reponse to
* environmental (hazards like sea level rise),
* economic (influencing voluntary migration - quatar 2020 world cup from india pak & bang),
* political factors (welcoming immigration policies or political conflict e.g civil war)
